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| History | |
| 2>
Usage of the Younger Futhark is found in Scandinavia and Viking Age settlements abroad, probably in use from the 9th century onward. While the Migration Period Elder Futhark had been an actual "secret" known only to a literate elite, with only some 350 surviving inscriptions, literacy in the Younger Futhark became widespread in Scandinavia, as witnessed by the great number of Runestones (some 6,000), sometimes inscribed with almost casual notes.
Scholars have identified a transitional phase from about 650 to 800 C.E. where some inscriptions mixed the use of Elder and Younger Futhark runes. Examples of inscriptions considered to be from this period include DR 248 from Snoldelev, DR 357 from Stentoften, DR 358 from Gummarp, DR 359 from Istaby, and DR 360 from Björketorp, and objects such as the Setre Comb (N KJ40).[1] Ög 136 in Rök, which uses Elder Futherk runes to encrypt part of the text, and Ög 43 in Ingelstad, which uses a single Elder Futherk rune as an ideogram, are also sometimes included as transitional inscriptions.[1]
The Younger Futhark became known in Europe as the "alphabet of the Norsemen", and was studied in the interest of trade and diplomatic contacts, referred to as Abecedarium Nordmannicum in Frankish Fulda (possibly by Walahfrid Strabo) and ogam lochlannach "Ogham of the Scandinavians" in the Book of Ballymote.
The ogam lochlannach
The Younger Futhark is divided into long-branch (Danish) and short-twig (Swedish and Norwegian) runes. The difference between the two versions has been a matter of controversy. A general opinion is that the difference was functional, i.e. the long-branch runes were used for documentation on stone, whereas the short-branch runes were in everyday use for private or official messages on wood. In addition the Hälsinge Runes (staveless runes, ca. 900–1200), Middle Age runes (ca. 1100–1500) and the Latinised Dalecarlian futhark (ca. 1500–1910) were developed out of the Younger futhark.
[edit] Tags:Elder Futhark,Danish,Norwegian,Swedish,Viking Age,Migration Period,Runestones,Dr 248,Dr 357,Dr 358,Dr 359,Dr 360,Setre Comb,Ög 136,Ög 43,Ideogram,Abecedarium Nordmannicum,Frankish,Fulda,Walahfrid Strabo,Ogham,Book Of Ballymote,Staveless Runes,As,Hälsinge Runes,Dalecarlian,Runes, | |
| Variants | |
| 2>
The Icelandic and Norwegian rune poems have 16 runes, with the stave names ᚠ fe ("wealth"), ᚢ ur ("iron"/"rain"), ᚦ Thurs ("giant"), ᚬ As/Oss, ᚱ reidh ("ride"), ᚴ kaun ("ulcer"), ᚼ hagall ("hail"), ᚾ naudhr/naud ("need"), ᛁ is/iss ("ice"), ᛅ ar ("plenty"), ᛋ sol ("sun"), ᛏ Tyr, ᛒ bjarkan/bjarken ("birch"), ᛘ madhr/madr ("man"), ᛚ logr/lög ("water"), ᛦ yr ("yew").[citation needed]
[edit] Tags:Icelandic,Rune Poems,Tyr,ᛦ,ᚠ,ᚢ,ᚦ,ᚬ,ᚱ,ᚴ,ᚼ,ᚾ,ᛁ,ᛅ,ᛋ,ᛏ,ᛒ,ᛘ,ᛚ, | |
| Long-branch runes | |
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The Younger Futhark: Danish long-branch runes and Swedish/Norwegian short-twig runes.
The long-branch runes are the following signs:
ᚠ
ᚢ
ᚦ
ᚬ
ᚱ
ᚴ
ᚼ
ᚾ
ᛁ
ᛅ
ᛋ
ᛏ
ᛒ
ᛘ
ᛚ
ᛦ
f
u
þ
ą
r
k
h
n
i
a
s
t
b
m
l
ʀ
[edit] Tags: | |
| Short-twig runes | |
| 3>
In the short-twig runes (or Rök runes), nine runes appear as simplified variants of the long-branch runes, while the remaining seven have identical shapes:
ᚠ
ᚢ
ᚦ
ᚭ
ᚱ
ᚴ
ᚽ
ᚿ
ᛁ
ᛆ
ᛌ
ᛐ
ᛓ
ᛙ
ᛚ
ᛧ
f
u
þ
ą
r
k
h
n
i
a
s
t
b
m
l
ʀ
[edit] Tags:ᛧ, | |
| Hälsinge runes (staveless runes) | |
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Staveless runes
Hälsinge runes are so named because in modern times they were first noticed in the Hälsingland region of Sweden. Later other runic inscriptions with the same runes were found in other parts of Sweden. They were used between the 10th and 12th centuries. The runes seem to be a simplification of the Swedish-Norwegian runes and lack vertical strokes, hence the name 'staveless.' They cover the same set of staves as the other Younger Futhark alphabets. This variant has no assigned Unicode range (as of Unicode 4.0).
[edit] Tags:Runic, | |
| Medieval | |
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Main article: Medieval runes
Medieval Runes
In the Middle Ages, the Younger Futhark in Scandinavia was expanded, so that it once more contained one sign for each phoneme of the old Norse language. Dotted variants of voiceless signs were introduced to denote the corresponding voiced consonants, or vice versa, voiceless variants of voiced consonants, and several new runes also appeared for vowel sounds. Inscriptions in medieval Scandinavian runes show a large number of variant rune-forms, and some letters, such as s, c and z, were often used interchangeably (Jacobsen & Moltke, 1941–42, p. VII; Werner, 2004, p. 20).
Medieval runes were in use until the 15th century. Of the total number of Norwegian runic inscriptions preserved today, most are medieval runes. Notably, more than 600 inscriptions using these runes have been discovered in Bergen since the 1950s, mostly on wooden sticks (the so-called Bryggen inscriptions). This indicates that runes were in common use side by side with the Latin alphabet for several centuries. Indeed some of the medieval runic inscriptions are actually in the Latin language.
[edit] Tags:Old Norse,Medieval Runes,Medieval, | |
| Early modern | |
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Main article: Dalecarlian runes
According to Carl-Gustav Werner, "in the isolated province of Dalarna in Sweden a mix of runes and Latin letters developed" (Werner 2004, p. 7). The Dalecarlian runes came into use in the early 16th century and remained in some use up to the 20th century. Some discussion remains on whether their use was an unbroken tradition throughout this period or whether people in the 19th and 20th centuries learned runes from books written on the subject. The character inventory is suitable for transcribing modern Swedish and the local Dalecarlian dialect.
[edit] Tags: | |
| References | |
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^ a b Barnes, Michael P. (1998). "The Transitional Inscriptions". In Beck, Heinrich; Düwel, Klaus. Runeninschriften als Quellen Interdisziplinärer Forschung. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 448–61. ISBN 3-11-015455-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=KYqsisEVQHEC&printsec=frontcover&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. p. 451.
[edit] Tags: | |
| Other sources | |
| 2>
Jacobsen, Lis; Moltke, Erik (1941–42). Danmarks Runeindskrifter. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaards Forlag.
Werner, Carl-Gustav (2004). The allrunes Font and Package [1].
[edit] Tags: | |
| External links | |
| 2>
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: runes
Runes found in the Eastern Viking
An English Dictionary of Runic Inscriptions in the Younger Futhark (Nottingham University)
v
d
e
Runes
Elder Futhark:
ᚠ
ᚢ
ᚦ
ᚨ
ᚱ
ᚲ
ᚷ
ᚹ
ᚺ
ᚾ
ᛁ
ᛃ
ᛇ
ᛈ
ᛉ
ᛊ
ᛏ
ᛒ
ᛖ
ᛗ
ᛚ
ᛜ
ᛞ
ᛟ
Old English Futhorc:
ᚠ
ᚢ
ᚦ
ᚩ o
ᚱ
ᚳ c
ᚷ ȝ
ᚹ
ᚻ
ᚾ
ᛁ
ᛄ
ᛇ eo
ᛈ
ᛉ x
ᛋ
ᛏ
ᛒ
ᛖ
ᛗ
ᛚ
ᛝ
ᛞ
ᛟ œ
ᚪ a
ᚫ æ
ᚣ y
ᛠ ea
Younger Futhark:
ᚠ
ᚢ
ᚦ
ᚬ ą
ᚱ
ᚴ
ᚼ
ᚾ
ᛁ
ᛅ a
ᛋ
ᛏ
ᛒ
ᛘ
ᛚ
ᛦ ʀ
Transliteration:
f
u
þ
a
r
k
g
w
h
n
i
j
ï
p
z
s
t
b
e
m
l
ŋ
d
o
See also
Epigraphy
Runestones
Rune Poems
Runology
Runic magic
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Younger_Futhark&oldid=473117021"
Categories: Younger FutharkHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from April 2010
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