Warsaw Pact Photos:

Warsaw Pact
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Warsaw Pact
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Warsaw Pact
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Warsaw Pact
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Warsaw Pact Basic Informations:

Nomenclature
2> The Cold War (1945–90): NATO vs. the Warsaw Pact, the status of forces in 1973 In the West, the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance is often called the Warsaw Pact military alliance; abbreviated WAPA, Warpac, and WP. Elsewhere, in the member states, the Warsaw Treaty is known as: Albanian: Pakti i miqësisë, bashkpunimit dhe i ndihmës së përbashkët Bulgarian: Договор за дружба, сътрудничество и взаимопомощ Romanized Bulgarian: Dogovor za druzhba, satrudnichestvo i vzaimopomosht Czech: Smlouva o přátelství, spolupráci a vzájemné pomoci Slovak: Zmluva o priateľstve, spolupráci a vzájomnej pomoci German: Vertrag über Freundschaft, Zusammenarbeit und gegenseitigen Beistand Hungarian: Barátsági, együttműködési és kölcsönös segítségnyújtási szerződés Polish: Układ o Przyjaźni, Współpracy i Pomocy Wzajemnej Romanian: Tratatul de prietenie, cooperare şi asistenţă mutuală Russian: Договор о дружбе, сотрудничестве и взаимной помощи Romanized Russian: Dogovor o druzhbe, sotrudnichestve i vzaimnoy pomoshchi Soviet philatelic commemoration: At its 20th anniversary in 1975, the Warsaw Pact remains On Guard for Peace and Socialism. [edit]

Tags:Bulgaria,Romania,Czech,Slovak,Romanian,Bulgarian,Albanian,Military Alliance,Cold War,Warsaw,Nato,Romanized Bulgarian,German,Hungarian,Polish,Russian,Romanized Russian,Socialism,Cia,
Structure
2> The Warsaw Treaty’s organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, and the head of the Warsaw Treaty Combined Staff also was a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Therefore, although ostensibly an international collective security alliance, the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed forces.[5] [edit]

Tags:Poland,Supreme Commander Of The Unified Armed Forces Of The Warsaw Treaty Organization,Minister Of Defense Of The Ussr,Collective Security,National,
Strategy
2> The strategy of the Warsaw Pact was dominated by the desire to prevent, at all costs, the recurrence of an invasion of Russian soil as had occurred under Napoleon in 1812, German Forces in 1918 (ended with the Treaty of Brest Litovsk) as well as Hitler in 1941, leading to extreme devastation and human losses in all cases, but especially in the third; the USSR emerged from the Second World War with the greatest total losses in life of any participant in the war. It was also dominated by the Marxist-Leninist teaching that one way or the other, socialism ultimately had to prevail, which was taken to mean even in a nuclear war.[6] [edit]

Tags:Napoleon,Treaty Of Brest Litovsk,Hitler,Marxist-leninist,Nuclear War,
History
2> Communist Bloc Conclave: The Warsaw Pact conference, 11 May 1955, Warsaw, Poland. Map of Warsaw Pact countries On 14 May 1955, the USSR established the Warsaw Pact in response to the integration of the Federal Republic of Germany into NATO in October 1954 – only nine years after the defeat of Nazi Germany (1933–45) that ended only with the Soviet and Allied invasion of Germany in 1944/45 during World War II in Europe. The reality, however, was that a "Warsaw"-type pact had been in existence since 1945, when Soviet forces were initially in occupation of Eastern Europe, and maintained there after the war. The Warsaw Pact merely formalized the arrangement. The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defense of any member who would be attacked; relations among the treaty signatories were based upon mutual non-intervention in the internal affairs of the member countries, respect for national sovereignty, and political independence. The founding signatories to the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance consisted of the following communist governments: People's Republic of Albania (withheld support in 1961 because of the Sino–Soviet split, formally withdrew in 1968) People's Republic of Bulgaria Czechoslovak Republic (Czechoslovak Socialist Republic since 1960) German Democratic Republic (withdrew in September 1990, before German reunification) People's Republic of Hungary People's Republic of Poland People's Republic of Romania (Socialist Republic of Romania from 1965) Soviet Union Nevertheless, for 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Treaty never directly waged war against each other in Europe; but the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aiming at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage. In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. The multi-national Communist armed forces’ sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion. Beginning at the Cold War’s conclusion, in late 1989, popular civil and political public discontent forced the Communist governments of the Warsaw Treaty countries from power – independent national politics made feasible with the perestroika- and glasnost-induced institutional collapse of Communist government in the USSR.[7] In the event the populaces of Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Albania, East Germany, Poland, Romania, and Bulgaria deposed their Communist governments in the period from 1989–91. On February 25, 1991 the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from Pact countries meeting in Hungary.[8] On the first of July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. Five months later, the USSR disestablished itself in December 1991. [edit]

Tags:Hungary,East Germany,Soviet Union,Czechoslovakia,Mutual Defense,Nazi Germany,World War Ii,Non-intervention,National Sovereignty,People's Republic Of Albania,Sino–soviet Split,People's Republic Of Bulgaria,Czechoslovak Socialist Republic,German Democratic Republic,German Reunification,People's Republic Of Hungary,People's Republic Of Poland,People's Republic Of Romania,Imre Nagy,Soviet Troops Entered The Country And Removed The Government,Socialist Republic Of Romania,Perestroika,Glasnost,Prague,Václav Havel,Operation ,Containment,
Central and Eastern Europe after the Warsaw Treaty
2> NATO/CSTO On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Croatia and Albania joined on 1 April 2009. Russia and some other post-USSR states joined in the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO). In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine – a short, swift attack capturing Western Europe, using nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s – thus why the People’s Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed] [edit]

Tags:Csto,Collective Security Treaty Organisation,Institute Of National Remembrance,Seven Days To The River Rhine,Nuclear Weapons,First Strike,1980,
Notes
2> ^ Yorst, David S. (1998). NATO Transformed: The Alliance's New Roles in International Security. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press. p. 31. ISBN 187837981X.  ^ Broadhurst, Arlene Idol (1982). The Future of European Alliance Systems. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p. 137. ISBN 0865314136.  ^ Christopher Cook, Dictionary of Historical Terms (1983) ^ The Columbia Enclopedia, fifth edition (1993) p. 2926 ^ Fes'kov, V. I.; Kalashnikov, K. A.; Golikov, V. I. (2004). Sovetskai͡a Armii͡a v gody "kholodnoĭ voĭny," 1945–1991 [The Soviet Army in the Cold War Years (1945–1991)]. Tomsk: Tomsk University Publisher. p. 6. ISBN 5751118197.  ^ Heuser, Beatrice (1993). "Warsaw Pact Military Doctrines in the 70s and 80s: Findings in the East German Archives". Comparative Strategy 12 (4): 437–457. doi:10.1080/01495939308402943.  ^ The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought, third edition, 1999, pp. 637–8 ^ Warsaw Pact and Comecon To Dissolve This Week [edit]

Tags:Heuser, Beatrice,
References
2> Modern History Sourcebook: The Warsaw Pact, 1955 (full text of the treaty) Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Soviet Union / Appendix C: The Warsaw Pact (1989)  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of Congress Country Studies. [edit]

Tags:Public Domain Material,Library Of Congress Country Studies,
Further reading
2> Havel, Václav (2007). To the Castle and Back. Trans. Paul Wilson. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0307266415. http://books.google.com/books?id=GaWwabF35Y0C&lpg=PP1&dq=editions%3AkJCaIwFlq-QC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false.  Heuser, Beatrice (1998). "Victory in a Nuclear War? A Comparison of NATO and WTO War Aims and Strategies". Contemporary European History 7 (3): 311–327. doi:10.1017/S0960777300004264.  Lewis, William Julian (1982). The Warsaw Pact: Arms, Doctrine, and Strategy. Cambridge, Mass.: Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis. ISBN 978-0070317468.  Mastny, Vojtech; Byrne, Malcolm (2005). A Cardboard Castle ?: An Inside History of the Warsaw Pact, 1955–1991. Budapest: Central European University Press. ISBN 978-9637326073. http://books.google.com/books?id=Jm4L_b8CHycC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false.  Umbach, Frank (2005) (in German). Das rote Bündnis: Entwicklung und Zerfall des Warschauer Paktes 1955 bis 1991. Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag. ISBN 978-3861533627.  [edit]

Tags:Contemporary European History,Central European University Press,
External links
2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Warsaw Pact The CWIHP Warsaw Pact Document Collection v d e Cold War Participants and notable figures ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact 1940s Yalta Conference Operation Unthinkable Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair War in Vietnam (1945–1946) Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Corfu Channel Incident Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference Marshall Plan Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948 Tito–Stalin split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Chinese Civil War (Second round) 1950s Korean War 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit (1955) Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Asian–African Conference Bricker Amendment McCarthyism Operation Gladio Hallstein Doctrine 1960s Congo Crisis Sino–Soviet split 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion Berlin Wall Cuban Missile Crisis Vietnam War 1964 Brazilian coup d'état United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–1966) South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War Greek military junta of 1967–1974 Six-Day War War of Attrition Cultural Revolution Sino-Indian War Prague Spring Goulash Communism Sino–Soviet border conflict 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Cambodian Civil War Realpolitik Ping Pong Diplomacy Four Power Agreement on Berlin 1972 Nixon visit to China 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Ogaden War Sino-Albanian split Cambodian–Vietnamese War Sino-Vietnamese War Iranian Revolution Operation Condor Bangladesh Liberation War Korean Air Lines Flight 902 1980s Soviet war in Afghanistan 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 Able Archer 83 Star Wars Invasion of Grenada People Power Revolution Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 United States invasion of Panama Fall of the Berlin Wall Revolutions of 1989 Glasnost Perestroika 1990s Democratic Revolution in Mongolia Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Supply-side economics Thatcherism Reaganomics Communism Marxism–Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Juche Left communism Maoism Stalinism Titoism Trotskyism Liberal democracy Social democracy Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Stasi Propaganda Active measures Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Brinkmanship NATO–Russia relations Soviet and Russian espionage in U.S. Soviet Union–United States relations US–Soviet summits Category Portal Timeline v d e Countries of Eastern and Central Europe during their communist period Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Romania Yugoslavia Soviet Russia / Soviet Union: 1917–1927 1927–1953 1953–1964 1964–1982 1982–1991 Eastern Bloc Comecon Warsaw Pact v d e Eastern Bloc Soviet Union · Communism Formation The secret protocol of Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact · Soviet invasion of Poland ·

Tags:Anzus,Non-aligned Movement,Yalta Conference,Potsdam Conference,Gouzenko Affair,War In Vietnam (1945–1946),Iran Crisis Of 1946,Greek Civil War,Corfu Channel Incident,Restatement Of Policy On Germany,First Indochina War,Truman Doctrine,Asian Relations Conference,Marshall Plan,Czechoslovak Coup D'état Of 1948,Tito–stalin Split,Berlin Blockade,Western Betrayal,Iron Curtain,Eastern Bloc,Korean War,1953 Iranian Coup D'état,Uprising Of 1953 In East Germany,1954 Guatemalan Coup D'état,Partition Of Vietnam,First Taiwan Strait Crisis,Geneva Summit (1955),Poznań 1956 Protests,Hungarian Revolution Of 1956,Suez Crisis,Sputnik Crisis,Second Taiwan Strait Crisis,Cuban Revolution,Kitchen Debate,Asian–african Conference,Bricker Amendment,Mccarthyism,Congo Crisis,1960 U-2 Incident,Bay Of Pigs Invasion,Berlin Wall,Cuban Missile Crisis,Vietnam War,1964 Brazilian Coup D'état,United States Occupation Of The Dominican Republic (1965–1966),South African Border War,

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