Photo:1
Photo:2
Photo:3
Photo:4
Photo:1 Photo:2 Photo:3 Photo:4 |
| Name | |
| 2>
The name "Vojvodina" in Serbian language means a type of duchy – more specifically, a voivodeship. It derives from the word "vojvoda" (See: voivode) which stems from the Proto-Slavic language word "voevoda". Those words are etymologically connected with modern-day words "vojnik" (soldier) and "voditi" (to lead). Its original name (from 1848) was the "Serbian Voivodeship" (Srpska Vojvodina).
The full official names of the province in all official languages of Vojvodina are:
Аутономна Покрајина Војводина, Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina (in Serbian)
Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina (in Croatian)
Vajdaság Autonóm Tartomány (in Hungarian) ( listen (help·info))
Autonómna Pokrajina Vojvodina (in Slovak)
Provincia Autonomă Voivodina (in Romanian)
Автономна Покраїна Войводина (in Pannonian Rusyn)
Names in other languages that are not official in the province, but that are spoken by some local inhabitants:
Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina, Аутономна Покрајина Војводина (in Montenegrin)
Voyvodina (in Romani)
Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina (in Bunjevac speech)
Автономна Покраина Војводина (in Macedonian)
Автономний край Воєводина (in Ukrainian)
Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina (in Bosnian)
Autonome Provinz Woiwodina (in German)
Avtonomna pokrajina Vojvodina (in Slovene)
Krahina Autonome e Vojvodinës (in Albanian)
Автономна област Войводина (in Bulgarian)
Autonomní oblast Vojvodina (in Czech)
[edit] Tags:Serbian,Hungarian,Slovak,Croatian,Pannonian Rusyn,Listen,Romanian,Rusyn,Serbia,Official Languages,Serbian Language,Duchy,Voivodeship,Voivode,Proto-slavic Language,Soldier,Montenegrin,Bunjevac Speech,Macedonian,Bosnian,Slovene,Albanian,Czech,Pannonia, | |
| History | |
| 2>
The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (October 2008)
Main article: History of Vojvodina
[edit] Tags:Neutrality,Disputed, | |
| Territory of present-day Vojvodina throughout history | |
| 3>
Banat, Bačka and Syrmia: throughout history, the territory of present day Vojvodina (including regions of Banat, Bačka and Syrmia) has been (entirely or partially) a part of:
the State of the Scordisci (3rd century BC–1st century AD), with capital in Singidunum (present-day Belgrade),[1][2][3][4]
Dacia (1st century BC),[5][6][7][8][9]
the Roman Empire (1st-5th century),
the Hun Empire (5th century),
the Ostrogoth Kingdom (5th century),
the Gepid Kingdom (5th-6th century),
the Langobard State (6th century),
the Byzantine Empire (6th century; 11th-12th century),
the Avar Khanate (6th-8th century),
the Frankish Kingdom (8th-9th century),
the Principality of Pannonian Croatia (9th century),[10]
the Principality of Lower Pannonia (9th century),[11]
the Great Moravia (9th century) - according to various sources, Great Moravia included territory of present-day Vojvodina.[12][13][14] According to alternative theory presented by Peter Püspöki Nagy, Great Moravia was centered in present-day Serbia: around the river Velika Morava and in present-day Vojvodina,[15]
the Bulgarian Empire (9th-11th century),
the Voivodeship of Salan (9th century),[16]
the Voivodeship of Glad (9th century),[17]
the Kingdom of Hungary (10th-16th century),
the Voivodeship of Ahtum (11th century),
the Voivodeship of Sermon (11th century),
the Kingdom of Syrmia of Serb king Stefan Dragutin (13th-14th century) - Initially, Stefan Dragutin was vassal of Hungarian king, but later became an independent ruler,
the realm of Ugrin Csák (13th-14th century) - Initially, Ugrin Csák was an Hungarian nobleman, but later became an independent ruler,
the Serb state of Jovan Nenad (1526–1527),[18][19][20][21][22]
the Ottoman Empire (16th-18th century),
the Ottoman vassal duchy of Radoslav Čelnik (1527–1530),
the Habsburg Monarchy (from 1699 to 1804), including:
Military Frontier,[23][24][25][26]
Banat of Temeswar (until 1778),
Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary (which included Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia and Habsburg Kingdom of Slavonia),
the Austrian Empire (from 1804 to 1867), including:
Serbian Vojvodina (1848–1849),
Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar (1849–1860),
Military Frontier,
Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary (which included Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia and Habsburg Kingdom of Slavonia[27]) - after 1849, Kingdom of Slavonia was a separate Habsburg crownland,
the Austria-Hungary (from 1867 to 1918), including:
Military Frontier (until 1882),[28]
Kingdom of Slavonia (until 1868),
Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary (which included Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia[29]),
the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918),
the Banat Republic (1918),
the Kingdom of Serbia (1918),
the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929),
the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1941, also during World War - from 1941 to 1944: the Nedić's Serbia, the Pavelić's Independent State of Croatia and Horthy's Hungary),
the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1944–1992),
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003),
Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006), and,
since 2006, the independent Serbia (from 1945 to 2006, Serbia, which included autonomous Vojvodina, was a republic within Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro).
Mačva: Through the history, the region of Mačva (whose northern part is within present-day Vojvodina) has been a part of: the Roman Empire (1st-4th century), the Byzantine Empire (4th-5th century; 5th-7th century; 11th-12th century), the Hun Empire (5th century), the Slavic-controlled territories (7th-9th century), the Bulgarian Empire (9th-11th century), the Kingdom of Hungary (12th-13th century; 14th century; 15th century; 16th century), the State of Serb king Stefan Dragutin (13th-14th century), the Serbian Empire (14th century), the State of Nikola Altomanović (14th century), the Moravian Serbia (14th century), the Serbian Despotate (15th century), the Ottoman Empire (15th century; 16th-18th century; 18th-19th century), the Habsburg Monarchy (1718–1739), the Karađorđe's Serbia (1804–1813), the vassal Principality of Serbia (1815–1878), the independent Principality of Serbia (1878–1882), the Kingdom of Serbia (1882–1918), the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929), the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1941), the Nedić's Serbia (1941–1944), the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1944–1992), the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003), and the Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006). Since 2006, the region is part of an independent Serbia.
Autonomous region named Serbian Vojvodina was proclaimed in May Assembly, which was organized by local Serbs in 1848. Due to advance of Hungarian army in 1849 and disagreement between Serb leaders, autonomous Serb region ceased to exist in 1849 and remains of its army were included into Austrian imperial army. Later in that year (1849), after Austrian and Russian army defeated Hungarians, a separate Habsburg crownland named Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar was formed. It existed from 1849 to 1860 and included much larger territory than original proclaimed territory of Serbian Vojvodina. After World War I, in 1918, the Assembly of local Serbs, Bunjevci and other Slavs of Banat, Bačka and Baranja declared secession of these regions from the Kingdom of Hungary and creation of an administrative province named Banat, Bačka and Baranja, which joined the Kingdom of Serbia. Its borders towards newly independent Hungary were later (in 1920) defined by the Treaty of Trianon. In 1929 region was a province of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia named Danube Banovina and since 1945 it is an autonomous province of Socialist Republic of Serbia and new socialist Yugoslavia (Together with Kosovo and Metohija, it enjoyed high autonomous status between 1974 and 1990).
[edit] Tags:Autonomous Province,State Of The Scordisci,Singidunum,Belgrade,Dacia,Roman Empire,Hun Empire,Ostrogoth Kingdom,Gepid Kingdom,Langobard State,Byzantine Empire,Avar Khanate,Frankish Kingdom,Principality Of Pannonian Croatia,Principality Of Lower Pannonia,Bulgarian Empire,Voivodeship Of Salan,Voivodeship Of Glad,Kingdom Of Hungary,Voivodeship Of Ahtum,Voivodeship Of Sermon,Syrmia,Stefan Dragutin,Ugrin Csák,Serb State Of Jovan Nenad,Ottoman Empire,Radoslav Čelnik,Habsburg Monarchy,Military Frontier,Banat Of Temeswar,Habsburg Kingdom Of Hungary,Habsburg Kingdom Of Croatia,Kingdom Of Slavonia,Austrian Empire,Voivodeship Of Serbia And Banat Of Temeschwar,Austria-hungary,Kingdom Of Croatia-slavonia,State Of Slovenes, Croats And Serbs,Banat Republic,Kingdom Of Serbia,Kingdom Of Serbs, Croats And Slovenes,Kingdom Of Yugoslavia,Nedić's Serbia,Pavelić's,Independent State Of Croatia,Horthy's,Hungary,Socialist Federal Republic Of Yugoslavia,Federal Republic Of Yugoslavia,Slavic-controlled Territories,State Of Serb King Stefan Dragutin,Serbian Empire,State Of Nikola Altomanović,Moravian Serbia,Serbian Despotate,Karađorđe's Serbia,Principality Of Serbia,Serbia And Montenegro,May Assembly,World War I, | |
| Pre-Roman times and Roman administration | |
| 3>
In Neolithic period, two important archaeological cultures flourished in this area: the Starčevo culture and the Vinča culture. First Indo-European peoples settled in the territory of present-day Vojvodina in 4200 BC. During the Eneolithic period, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, several Indo-European archaeological cultures were centered in or around Vojvodina: the Vučedol culture, the Vinkovci culture, the Vatin culture, the Belegiš culture, the Bosut culture, etc. Before the Roman conquest in the 1st century BC, Indo-European peoples of Illyrian, Thracian and Celtic origin inhabited this area. First states organized in this area were the Celtic State of the Scordisci (3rd century BC-1st century AD) with capital in Singidunum (Belgrade), and Dacian Kingdom of Burebista (1st century BC).
During Roman rule, Sirmium (today's Sremska Mitrovica) was one of the four capital cities of the Roman Empire and six Roman Emperors were born in this city or in its surroundings. The city was also the capital of several Roman administrative units, including the Lower Pannonia, the Pannonia Secunda, the Diocese of Pannonia, and the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum. Roman rule lasted until the 5th century, after which the region came into the possession of various peoples and states. While Banat was a part of the Roman province of Dacia, Syrmia belonged to a Roman province of Pannonia. Bačka was not part of the Roman Empire and was populated and ruled by Sarmatian Iazyges.
[edit] Tags: | |
| Early Middle Ages and Slavic settlement | |
| 3>
The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (October 2008)
After Romans were driven away from this region, various Indo-European and Turkic peoples and states ruled in the area. These peoples included Goths, Sarmatians, Huns, Gepids and Avars. For regional history, the largest importance had a Gepid state, which had its capital in Sirmium. According to the Miracles of Saint Demetrius, Avars gave the region of Syrmia to Bulgar leader named Kuber in the 670s. The Bulgars of Kuber moved south with Maurus to Macedonia where they cooperated with Tervel in the 8th century.
Slavs settled today's Vojvodina in the 6th and 7th centuries,[30][31][32][33][34][35] before some of them crossed rivers Sava and Danube and settled in the Balkans. Slavic tribes that lived in the territory of present-day Vojvodina included Abodrites, Severans, Braničevci and Timočani. In the 9th century, after fall of the Avar state, first forms of Slavic statehood emanated in this area. First Slavic states that ruled over this region included Bulgarian Empire, Great Moravia and Ljudevit's Pannonian Duchy. During Bulgarian administration (9th century), Bulgarian local dukes Salan and Glad ruled over the region. The residence of Salan was Titel and that of Glad was possibly in the rumored rampart of Galad or perhaps in the Kladovo (Gladovo) in Serbia. The descendant of Glad was duke Ahtum, another local ruler from the 11th century who opposed the establishment of Hungarian rule over the region.
In the village of Čelarevo the archaeologists have also found traces of people who practiced Judaic religion. Bunardžić dated Avar-Bulgar graves excavated in Čelarevo, containing skulls with Mongolian features and Judaic symbols, to the late 8th and 9th centuries. Erdely and Vilkhnovich consider the graves to belong to the Kabars who eventually broke ties with the Khazar Empire between the 830s and 862 (Three other Khazar tribes joined the Magyars and took part of the Magyar conquest of the Carpathian basin including what is now Vojvodina in 895-907).
[edit] Tags: | |
| Hungarian administration | |
| 3>
The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (October 2008)
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2008)
Following territorial disputes with Byzantine and Bulgarian states, most of Vojvodina became part of the Kingdom of Hungary between 10th and 12th century and remained under Hungarian administration until the 16th century (Following periods of Ottoman and Habsburg administrations, Hungarian political dominance over most of the region was established again in 1867 and over entire region in 1882, after abolishment of Habsburg Military Frontier).
Regional demographic balance started changing in the 11th century when Magyars started to replace local Slavic population. Since the 14th century, the balance started to change again in favour of the Slavs when Serbian refugees fleeing from territories conquered by the Ottoman army settled in the area. Most[36] of the Hungarians left from the region during Ottoman conquest and early period of Ottoman administration and main part of population of Vojvodina in Ottoman times was composed of Serbs (who comprised an absolute majority of population of Vojvodina in this time [37]) and Muslims.[38]
[edit] Tags: | |
| Ottoman administration | |
| 3>
The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (October 2008)
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2008)
After the defeat of the Hungarian Kingdom at Mohács by the Ottoman Empire, the region fell into a period of anarchy and civil wars. In 1526 Jovan Nenad, a leader of the Serb mercenaries, established his rule in Bačka, northern Banat and a small part of Syrmia. He created an ephemeral independent state, with Subotica as its capital. At the peak of his power, Jovan Nenad proclaimed himself Serbian Emperor in Subotica. Taking advantage of the extremely confused military and political situation, the Hungarian noblemen from the region joined forces against him and defeated the Serbian troops in the summer of 1527. Emperor Jovan Nenad was assassinated and his state collapsed. After the fall of emperor's state, the supreme military commander of Jovan Nenad's army, Radoslav Čelnik, established his own temporary state in the region of Syrmia, where he ruled as Ottoman vassal.
A few decades later, the whole region was added to the Ottoman Empire, which ruled over it until the end of the 17th and the first half of the 18th century, when it was incorporated into the Habsburg Monarchy. The Treaty of Karlowitz of 1699, between Holy League and Ottoman Empire, marked the withdrawal of the Ottoman forces from Central Europe, and the supremacy of the Habsburg Empire in that part of the continent. According to the treaty, western part of Vojvodina passed to Habsburgs. Eastern part of it (eastern Syrmia and Province of Tamışvar) remained in Ottoman hands until Austrian conquest in 1716. This new border change is ratified by the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718.
[edit] Tags: | |
| Habsburg administration | |
| 3>
The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (October 2008)
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2008)
During the Great Serb Migration, some Serbs from Ottoman territories settled in the Habsburg Monarchy at the end of the 17th century (in 1690), but most of them went further to the north (in what is now Republic of Hungary) and only small part of them settled in western part of present-day Vojvodina. However, because of this event, all Serbs in Habsburg Monarchy gained a status of a recognized nation with extensive rights, in exchange for providing a border militia that could be mobilized against invaders from the south, as well as in case of civil unrest in Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary.
At the beginning of Habsburg rule, most of the region was integrated into the Habsburg Military Frontier district, while western parts of Bačka were put under civil administration within Bač county. Later, the civil administration was expanded to other (mostly northern) parts of the region, while southern parts remained under military administration. Eastern part of it was held by the Ottomans between 1787–1788, during the Russo-Turkish War.
In 1716, Vienna temporarily forbade settlement by Hungarians and Jews in the area, while large numbers of German speakers were settled in the region. From 1782, Protestant Hungarians and Germans settled in larger numbers.
Proclaimed borders of Serbian Vojvodina at May Assembly (1848) and autonomous Ottoman Principality of Serbia
During the 1848-49 revolutions, Vojvodina was a site of war between Serbs and Hungarians, due to the opposite national conceptions of these two peoples. At the May Assembly in Sremski Karlovci (13–15 May 1848), Serbs declared the constitution of the Serbian Voivodship (Serbian Duchy), a Serbian autonomous region within the Austrian Empire. The Serbian Voivodship consisted of Syrmia, Bačka, Banat, and Baranja. The metropolitan of Sremski Karlovci, Josif Rajačić, was elected patriarch, while Stevan Šupljikac was chosen as first voivod (duke). The ethnic war hit this area perhaps the hardest, with terrible atrocities committed against the civilian populations by both sides.
Following the Habsburg and Serb victory over Hungarians in 1849, a new administrative territory was created in the region (in November 1849), in accordance with a decision made by the Austrian emperor. By this decision, Serbian autonomous region created in 1848 was transformed into the new Austrian crown land known as Voivodship of Serbia and Tamiš Banat. It consisted of Banat, Bačka and Syrmia, excluding the southern parts of these regions which were part of the Military Frontier. An Austrian governor seated in Temeschwar ruled the area, and the title of voivod belonged to the emperor himself. The full title of the emperor was "Grand Voivod of the Voivodship of Serbia" (German: Großwoiwode der Woiwodschaft Serbien). German and Illyrian (Serbian) were the official languages of the crown land. In 1860, the new province was abolished and most of it (with exception of Syrmia) was again included into Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary. Since 1867, Kingdom of Hungary is one of two self-governing parts of Austria-Hungary. The era following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 was a period of economic flourishing, since Kingdom of Hungary had the second fastest growing economy in Europe between 1867–1913, but ethnic relations were strained. According to the 1910 census, the last census conducted in Austria-Hungary, population of Vojvodina included 510,754 (33.8%) Serbs, 425,672 (28.1%) Hungarians and 324,017 (21.4%) Germans.[39]
[edit] Tags: | |
| Serbian and Yugoslav administration | |
| 3>
The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (October 2008)
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2008)
At the end of World War I, the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed. On 29 October 1918, Syrmia became a part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. On 31 October 1918, the Banat Republic was proclaimed in Temeschwar. The government of Hungary recognized its independence, but it was short-lived.
On 25 November 1918, the Assembly of Serbs, Bunjevci, and other nations of Vojvodina in Novi Sad proclaimed the unification of Vojvodina (Banat, Bačka and Baranja) with the Kingdom of Serbia (The assembly numbered 757 deputies, of which 578 were Serbs, 84 Bunjevci, 62 Slovaks, 21 Rusyn, 6 Germans, 3 Šokci, 2 Croats and 1 Hungarian). One day before this, on 24 November, the Assembly of Syrmia also proclaimed the unification of Syrmia with Serbia. On 1 December 1918, Vojvodina (as part of the Kingdom of Serbia) officially became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
Novi Sad, historical capital of Vojvodina, in the 1920s.
Between 1929 and 1941, the region was known as the Danube Banovina, a province of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Its capital city was Novi Sad. The Banovina consisted of the Syrmia, Bačka, Banat, Baranja, Šumadija, and Braničevo regions.
Between 1941 and 1944, during World War II, the Axis Powers (Nazi Germany and its allies, Independent State of Croatia and Hungary) divided and occupied Vojvodina. Bačka and Baranja were annexed by Horthy's Hungary and Syrmia was included into the Independent State of Croatia. A smaller Danube Banovina (including Banat, Šumadija, and Braničevo) existed as part of what was known as "Nedić's Serbia". The administrative center of this smaller province was Smederevo. However, Banat itself was a separate autonomous region ruled by its German minority. The occupying powers committed numerous crimes against the civilian population, especially against Serbs, Jews and Roma; the Jewish population of Vojvodina was almost completely killed or deported.[citation needed] In total, Axis (German, Croatian and Hungarian) occupational authorities killed about 50,000 citizens of Vojvodina (mostly Serbs, Jews and Roma) while more than 280,000 people were interned, arrested, violated or tortured.[40]
Axis occupation ended in 1944 and the region was temporarily placed under military administration (1944–1945) run by the new communist authorities. During and after the military administration, several thousands of citizens were killed - this affected mostly ethnic Germans, but also one part of Hungarian and Serb populations. Both the war-time Axis occupational authorities and the post-war communist authorities ran concentration/prison camps in the territory of Vojvodina (See the List of concentration and internment camps). While war-time prisoners in these camps were mostly Jews, Serbs and communists, post-war camps were formed for ethnic Germans (Danube Swabians). Most Vojvodina Germans (about 200,000) left from the region in 1944, together with the defeated German army.[41] Most of those who remained in the region (about 150,000) were sent to some of the villages cordoned off as prisons. It is estimated that some 48,447 Germans died in the camps from disease, hunger, malnutrition, mistreatment, and coldness. Some 8,049 Germans were killed by partisans during military administration in Vojvodina after October 1944.[42][43][44] It is also estimated that post-war communist authorities killed some 20,000[45] Hungarians and some 23,000-24,000[46] Serbs. According to professor Dragoljub Živković, 47,000 ethnic Serbs were killed in Vojvodina during entire 1941-1948 period. About half of that number were killed by occupational forces and another half were killed by post-war communist authorities.[47]
The region was politically restored in 1944 (incorporating Syrmia, Banat, Bačka, and Baranja) and became an autonomous province of Serbia in 1945. Instead of the previous name (Danube Banovina), the region regained its historical name of Vojvodina, while its capital city remained Novi Sad. When final borders of Vojvodina were defined, Baranja was assigned to Croatia, while northern part of Mačva region was assigned to Vojvodina.
[edit] Tags: | |
| Modern political status | |
| 4>
Statistical regions of Serbia
At first, the province enjoyed only a small level of autonomy within Serbia, but it gained extensive rights of self-rule under the 1974 Yugoslav constitution, which gave both Kosovo and Vojvodina de facto veto power in the Serbian and Yugoslav parliaments, as changes to their status could not be made without the consent of the two Provincial Assemblies. The 1974 Serbian constitution, adopted at the same time, reiterated that "the Socialist Republic of Serbia comprises the Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina and the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo, which originated in the common struggle of nations and nationalities of Yugoslavia in the National Liberation War (the Second World War) and socialist revolution".
Under the rule of the Serbian president Slobodan Milošević, Vojvodina and Kosovo lost elements of statehood in September 1990. Vojvodina was still referred to as an autonomous province of Serbia, but most of its autonomous powers - including, crucially, its vote on the Yugoslav collective presidency - were transferred to the control of Belgrade. The province, however, still had its own parliament and government and some other autonomous functions as well.
The fall of Milošević in 2000 created a new climate for reform in Vojvodina. Following talks between the political parties, the level of the province's autonomy was increased by the omnibus law in Tags: | |
zote monety |