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| Context | |
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France entered the Thirty Years' War after the Spanish Habsburg victories in the Dutch Revolt in the 1620s and at the Battle of Nördlingen against Sweden in 1634. By 1640 France began to interfere in Spanish politics, aiding the revolt in Catalonia, while Spain in response aided the Fronde revolt in France in 1648. During the negotiations for the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, France gained Alsace and Lorraine and cut off Spanish access to the Netherlands from Austria, leading to open warfare between the French and Spanish.
After over ten years of war, an Anglo-French alliance was victorious at the Battle of the Dunes in 1658 and peace was settled by means of this treaty in 1659.
[edit] Tags:Spanish,French,France,Spain,Thirty Years' War,Spanish Habsburg,Dutch Revolt,Battle Of Nördlingen,Sweden,Catalonia,Fronde,Peace Of Westphalia,Alsace,Lorraine,Netherlands,Austria,Battle Of The Dunes, | |
| Content | |
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Medal celebrating the Treaty (1660)
France gained Roussillon and Perpignan, Montmédy and other parts of Luxembourg, Artois and other towns in Flanders, including Arras, Béthune, Gravelines and Thionville, and a new border with Spain was fixed at the Pyrenees.[1] However, the treaty stipulated only that all villages north of the Pyrenees should become part of France. For that reason there is an exclave of Spain in this part of France, the town of Llívia, considered a town and not a village, which remains under Spanish control and is part of the comarca of Baixa Cerdanya, the Spanish province of Girona. This border was not properly settled until the Treaty of Bayonne was signed in 1856.[citation needed]
Spain was forced to recognise and confirm all of the French gains at the Peace of Westphalia.[1]
In exchange for the Spanish territorial losses, the French king pledged to quit his support for Portugal and renounced to his claim to the county of Barcelona, which the French crown was claiming ever since the Catalan Revolt (also known as Reapers' War).[1] The Portuguese revolt in 1640, led by the Duke of Braganza was supported monetarily by Cardinal Richelieu of France. After the Catalonian Revolt France had controlled Catalonia from January 1641, when a combined Catalan and French force defeated the Spanish army at Montjuich, until 1652.[2]
The treaty also arranged for a marriage between Louis XIV of France and Maria Theresa of Spain, the daughter of Philip IV of Spain.[1] Maria Theresa was forced to renounce her claim to the Spanish throne, in return for a monetary settlement as part of her dowry. This settlement was never paid, a factor that eventually led to the War of Devolution in 1668.
In addition, the English received Dunkirk.[1]
[edit] Tags:Catalan,Louis Xiv Of France,Philip Iv Of Spain,Roussillon,Perpignan,Montmédy,Luxembourg,Artois,Flanders,Béthune,Gravelines,Thionville,Llívia,Comarca,Baixa Cerdanya,Girona,Treaty Of Bayonne,Portugal,County Of Barcelona,Catalan Revolt,Montjuich,Maria Theresa Of Spain,Dowry,War Of Devolution,Dunkirk,Pyrenees, | |
| Consequences | |
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The Treaty of the Pyrenees is the last major diplomatic achievement by Cardinal Mazarin. Combined with the Peace of Westphalia, it allowed Louis XIV remarkable stability and diplomatic advantage by means of a weakened Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé and a weakened Spanish Crown, along the agreed dowry, which was an important element in the French king's strategy:
Map of Catalonia, showing the partition of its territory by means of the Treaty of the Pyrenees.
All in all, in 1660, when the Swedish occupation of Poland finished, the entire European continent was at peace, and the Bourbons had prevailed over the Habsburgs.
[edit] Tags:Cardinal Mazarin,Louis Ii De Bourbon, Prince De Condé,Swedish Occupation Of Poland,Habsburgs, | |
| French annexations | |
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In the context of the territorial changes involved in the Treaty, France got some territorial gains, on both its northern and southern borders.
In the north, France gained French Flanders.
In the south, the northern part of Historical Catalonia, including Roussillon, Conflent, Vallespir, Capcir and French Cerdagne were transferred to France. The Albera Range, an eastern prolongation of the Pyrenees became the border between France and Spain. Every year on 7 November, Catalanists from this region, known nowadays in Catalonia as "Northern Catalonia", remember this event and demonstrate in Perpignan. In 2009 the demonstrations marked the 350 anniversary of the Treaty of the Pyrenees.[3]
[edit] Tags:French Flanders,Historical Catalonia,Conflent,Vallespir,Capcir,French Cerdagne,Albera Range,Catalanists,Northern Catalonia, | |
| References | |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Treaty of the Pyrenees
^ a b c d e Maland M.A., David (1991). Europe in the Seventeenth Century (Second ed.). Macmillan. pp. 227. ISBN 0333335740.
^ Pendrill, Colin (2002). Martin Collier, Erica Lewis. ed. Spain 1474 - 1700. Heinemann Advanced History, The Triumphs and Tribulations of Empire. pp. 142–143. ISBN 9780435327330.
^ Perpinyà - 350 anys del Tractat dels Pirineus
[edit] Tags: | |
| External links | |
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Full Text of TreatyPDF (16.8 MiB), France National Archives Transcription (French)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees&oldid=473525996"
Categories: Treaties of FlandersThirty Years' War treatiesMilitary history of CataloniaPeace treaties of the Ancien RégimePyrénées-OrientalesLinguistic rights1659 in France17th century in SpainFrance–Spain borderPeace treaties of Spain1659 treatiesTreaties of the Spanish EmpireFrance–Spain relationsCatalan lawHidden categories: Articles containing Spanish language textArticles containing French language textArticles containing Catalan language textAll articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from January 2010Articles with French language external links
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Tags:Categories,Treaties Of Flanders,Thirty Years' War Treaties,Military History Of Catalonia,Peace Treaties Of The Ancien Régime,Pyrénées-orientales,Linguistic Rights,1659 In France, | |
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