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| History | |
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The Tagalog Baybayin script.
The word Tagalog derived from tagailog, from tagá- meaning "native of" and ílog meaning "river". Thus, it means "river dweller". Very little is known about the history of the language. However, according to linguists such as Dr. David Zorc and Dr. Robert Blust, the Tagalogs originated, along with their Central Philippine cousins, from Northeastern Mindanao or Eastern Visayas.[6][7]
The first written record of Tagalog is in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, written in the year 900 and uses fragments of the language along with Sanskrit, Malay, and Javanese. Meanwhile, the first known book to be written in Tagalog is the Doctrina Cristiana (Christian Doctrine) of 1593. It was written in Spanish and two transcriptions of Tagalog; one in the Baybayin script and the other in Latin script. Throughout the 333 years of Spanish occupation, there were grammar and dictionaries written by Spanish clergymen such as Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala by Pedro de San Buenaventura (Pila, Laguna, 1613), Vocabulario de la lengua tagala (1835) and Arte de la lengua tagala y manual tagalog para la administración de los Santos Sacramentos (1850). Poet Francisco Baltazar (1788–1862) is regarded as the foremost Tagalog writer. His most notable work is the early 19th-century Florante at Laura.
[edit] Tags:Central,Philippine,Latin,Baybayin,Malay,Javanese,Linguists,Mindanao,Visayas,Laguna Copperplate Inscription,Sanskrit,Latin Script,Florante At Laura,Central Philippine,Laguna, | |
| Tagalog and Filipino | |
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In 1937, Tagalog was selected as the basis of the national language of the Philippines by the National Language Institute. In 1939, Manuel L. Quezon named the national language "Wikang Pambansâ" ("National Language").[8][9] Twenty years later, in 1959, it was renamed by then Secretary of Education, José Romero, as Pilipino to give it a national rather than ethnic label and connotation. The changing of the name did not, however, result in acceptance among non-Tagalogs, especially Cebuanos who had not accepted the selection.[10]
In 1971, the language issue was revived once more, and a compromise solution was worked out—a "universalist" approach to the national language, to be called Filipino rather than Pilipino. When a new constitution was drawn up in 1987, it named Filipino as the national language.[10] The constitution specified that as the Filipino language evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages. However, more than two decades after the institution of the "universalist" approach, there seems to be little if any difference between Tagalog and Filipino.
[edit] Tags:Filipino,Philippines,National Language,Manuel L. Quezon,Pilipino,National,Ethnic,Cebuanos,Quezon, | |
| Classification | |
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Tagalog is a Central Philippine language within the Austronesian language family. Being Malayo-Polynesian, it is related to other Austronesian languages such as Malagasy, Javanese, Indonesian, Malay, Tetum (of East Timor), and Tao language (of Taiwan). It is closely related to the languages spoken in the Bicol and Visayas regions such as Bikol and the Visayan group including Hiligaynon and Cebuano.
Languages that have made significant contributions to Tagalog vocabulary are especially Spanish and English.
[edit] Tags:Language Family,Austronesian,Malayo-polynesian,Austronesian Language,Malagasy,Indonesian,Tetum,Tao Language,Bicol,Bikol,Visayan Group,Hiligaynon, | |
| Dialects | |
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At present, no comprehensive dialectology has been done in the Tagalog-speaking regions, though there have been descriptions in the form of dictionaries and grammars on various Tagalog dialects. Ethnologue lists Lubang, Manila, Marinduque, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Tanay-Paete, and Tayabas as dialects of Tagalog. However, there appear to be four main dialects of which the aforementioned are a part; Northern (exemplified by the Bulacan dialect), Central (including Manila), Southern (exemplified by Batangas), and Marinduque.
Some example of dialectal differences are:
Many Tagalog dialects, particularly those in the south, preserve the glottal stop found after consonants and before vowels. This has been lost in standard Tagalog. For example standard Tagalog ngayon (now, today), sinigang (broth stew), gabi (night), matamis (sweet), are pronounced and written ngay-on, sinig-ang, gab-i, and matam-is in other dialects.
In Teresian-Morong Tagalog, [ɾ] is usually preferred over [d]. For example, bundók, dagat, dingdíng, and isdâ become bunrók, ragat, ringríng, and isrâ, as well as their expression seen in some signages like "sandok sa dingdíng" was changed to "sanrok sa ringríng".
In many southern dialects, the progressive aspect infix of -um- verbs is na-. For example, standard Tagalog kumakain (eating) is nákáin in Quezon and Batangas Tagalog. This is the butt of some jokes by other Tagalog speakers since a phrase such as nakain ka ba ng pating is interpreted as "did a shark eat you?" by those from Manila but in reality means "do you eat shark?" to those in the south.
Some dialects have interjections which are considered a trademark of their region. For example, the interjection ala e! usually identifies someone from Batangas as does hane?! in Rizal and Quezon provinces.
Perhaps the most divergent Tagalog dialects are those spoken in Marinduque. Linguist Rosa Soberano identifies two dialects, western and eastern, with the former being closer to the Tagalog dialects spoken in the provinces of Batangas and Quezon.
One example is the verb conjugation paradigms. While some of the affixes are different, Marinduque also preserves the imperative affixes, also found in Visayan and Bikol languages, that have mostly disappeared from most Tagalog dialects by the early 20th century; they have since merged with the infinitive.
Manileño Tagalog
Marinduqueño Tagalog
English
Susulat sina Maria at Esperanza kay Juan.
Másúlat da Maria at Esperanza kay Juan.
"Maria and Esperanza will write to Juan."
Mag-aaral siya sa Maynila.
Gaaral siya sa Maynila.
"He will study in Manila."
Magluto ka na!
Pagluto!
"Cook now!"
Kainin mo iyan.
Kaina yaan.
"Eat that."
Tinatawag tayo ni Tatay.
Inatawag nganì kitá ni Tatay.
"Father is calling us."
Tinulungan ba kayó ni Hilario?
Atulungan ga kamo ni Hilario?
"Did Hilario help you?"
Northern dialects and the central dialects are the basis for the national language.
[edit] Tags:Ethnologue,Marinduque,Bulacan,Teresian,Bataan,Batangas,Rizal, | |
| Geographic distribution | |
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The Tagalog homeland, or Katagalugan, covers roughly much of the central to southern parts of the island of Luzon—particularly in Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Camarines Norte, Cavite, Laguna, Metro Manila, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal, and large parts of Zambales. Tagalog is also spoken natively by inhabitants living on the islands, Marinduque, Mindoro, and large areas of Palawan. It is spoken by approximately 64.3 million Filipinos, 96.4% of the household population.[11] 21.5 million, or 28.15% of the total Philippine population,[12] speak it as a native language.
Tagalog speakers are found in other parts of the Philippines as well as throughout the world, though its use is usually limited to communication between Filipino ethnic groups. In[update] 2010, the US Census bureau reported (based on data collected in 2007) that in the United States it was the fourth most-spoken language at home with almost 1.5 million speakers, behind Spanish or Spanish Creole, French (including Patois, Cajun, Creole), and Chinese. Tagalog ranked as the third most spoken language in metropolitan statistical areas, behind Spanish and Chinese but ahead of French.[3]
[edit] Tags:Metro Manila,Katagalugan,Luzon,Aurora,Camarines Norte,Cavite,Nueva Ecija,Mindoro, | |
| Official status | |
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Predominantly Tagalog-speaking regions in the Philippines. The color-schemes represent the 4 dialect zones of the language: Northern, Central, Southern, and Marinduque.
Main article: Filipino language
Tagalog was declared the official language by the first constitution in the Philippines, the Constitution of Biak-na-Bato in 1897.[13]
In 1935, the Philippine constitution designated English and Spanish as official languages, but mandated the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages.[14] After study and deliberation, the National Language Institute, a committee composed of seven members who represented various regions in the Philippines, chose Tagalog as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines.[8][10] President Manuel L. Quezon then, on December 30, 1937, proclaimed the selection of the Tagalog language to be used as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines.[8] In 1939 President Quezon renamed the proposed Tagalog-based national language as wikang pambansâ (national language).[10] In 1959, the language was further renamed as "Pilipino".[10]
The 1973 constitution designated the Tagalog-based "Pilipino", along with English, as an official language and mandated the development and formal adoption of a common national language to be known as Filipino.[15] The 1987 constitution designated Filipino as the national language, mandating that as it evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages.[16] However, in practice, Filipino is simply Tagalog.[17]
Article XIV, Section 7 of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines specifies, in part:
Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system.
—[16]
The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein.
—[16]
In 2009, the Department of Education promulgated an order institutionalizing a system of mother-tongue based multilingual education ("MLE"), wherein instruction is conducted primarily in a student's mother tongue until at least grade three, with additional languages such as Filipino and English being introduced as separate subjects no earlier than grade two. In secondary school, Filipino and English become the primary languages of instruction, with the learner's first language taking on an auxiliary role.[18]
[edit] Tags:Official Languages, | |
| Accents | |
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The Tagalog language also boasts accentations unique to some parts of Tagalog-speaking regions. For example, in some parts of Manila: a strong pronunciation of i exists and vowel-switching of o and u exists so words like "gising" (to wake) is pronounced as "giseng" with a strong 'e' and the word "tagu-taguan" (hide-and-go-seek) is pronounced as "tago-tagoan" with a mild 'o'.
Batangas Tagalog boasts the most distinctive accent in Tagalog compared to the more Hispanized northern accents of the language. The Batangas accent has been featured in film and television and Filipino actor Leo Martinez speaks this accent.
[edit] Tags: | |
| Code-switching | |
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Taglish and Englog are portmanteaus given to a mix of English and Tagalog. The amount of English vs. Tagalog varies from the occasional use of English loan words to outright code-switching where the language changes in mid-sentence. Such code-switching is prevalent throughout the Philippines and in various of the languages of the Philippines other than Tagalog.
Code Mixing also entails the use of foreign words that are Filipinized by reforming them using Filipino rules, such as verb conjugations. Users typically use Filipino or English words, whichever comes to mind first or whichever is easier to use.
Magshoshopping kami sa mall. Sino ba ang magdadrive sa shopping center?
"We will go shopping at the mall. Who will drive to the shopping center?"
Although it is generally looked down upon, code-switching is prevalent in all levels of society; however, city-dwellers, the highly educated, and people born around and after World War II are more likely to do it. Politicians as highly placed as President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo have code-switched in interviews.
The practice is common in television, radio, and print media as well. Advertisements from companies like Wells Fargo, Wal-Mart, Albertsons, McDonald's, and Western Union have contained Taglish.
[edit] Tags: | |
| Phonology | |
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Main article: Tagalog phonology
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.
Tagalog has 26 phonemes: 21 of them are consonants and 5 are vowels.[19] Syllable structure is relatively simple. Each syllable contains at least a consonant and a vowel,[20] and begins in at most one consonant, except for borrowed words such as trak which means "truck", or tsokolate meaning "chocolate".
[edit] Tags:Ipa,Unicode,Rendering Support,Question Marks, Boxes, Or Other Symbols, | |
| Vowels | |
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Before appearing in the area north of Pasig river, Tagalog had three vowel phonemes: /a/, /i/, and /u/. This was later expanded to five vowels with the introduction of words from Northern Philippine languages like Kapampangan and Ilocano and Spanish words.
They are:
/a/ an open central unrounded vowel similar to English "father"; in the middle of a word, a near-open central vowel similar to English "cup"
/ɛ/ an open-mid front unrounded vowel similar to English "bed"
/i/ a close front unrounded vowel similar to English "machine"
/o/ a close-mid back rounded vowel similar to English "forty"
/u/ a close back unrounded vowel similar to English "flute"
Nevertheless pairs 'o' and 'u and 'e' and 'i' are likely to be interchanged by the people without a very high command of the language.
There are six main diphthongs; /ai/, /ei/, /oi/, /ui/, /au/, and /iu/.[19][20]
[edit] Tags: | |
| Consonants | |
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Below is a chart of Tagalog consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word.
Table of consonant phonemes of Tagalog
Labial
Dental/
Alveolar
Postalveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
Nasal
m
n
ɲ
ŋ
Plosive
p
b
t
d
k
ɡ
ʔ
Fricative
s
(ɕ)
h
Affricate
(ts)
(tʃ)
(dʒ)
Tap
ɾ
Approximant
l
j
w
[edit] Tags: | |
| Stress | |
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Stress is phonemic in Tagalog. Primary stress occurs on either the last or the next-to-the-last (penultimate) syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress except when stress occurs at the end of a word. Stress on words is highly important, since it differentiates words with the same spellings, but with different meanings, e.g. tayô (to stand) and tayo (us; we).
[edit] Tags: | |
| Vowels | |
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/a/ is raised slightly to [ɐ] in unstressed positions and also occasionally in stressed positions (inang bayan [inˈɐŋ ˈbɐjən])
Unstressed /i/ is usually pronounced [ɪ] as in English "bit"
At the final syllable, /i/ can be pronounced [i ~ e ~ ɛ], as [e ~ ɛ] is an allophone of [ɪ ~ i] in final syllables.
Unstressed /ɛ/ and /o/ can sometimes be pronounced [i ~ ɪ ~ e] and [u ~ ʊ ~ ɔ], except in final syllables. [o~ ʊ ~ ɔ] and [u ~ ʊ] were also former allophones.
/ɛ/ can be pronounced as a close-mid front unrounded vowel [e].
Unstressed /u/ is usually pronounced [ʊ] as in English "book"
The diphthong /aɪ/ and the sequence /aʔi/ have a tendency to become [eɪ ~ ɛː].
The diphthong /aʊ/ and the sequence /aʔu/ have a tendency to become [oʊ ~ ɔː].
/e/ or /i/ before s-consonant clusters have a tendency to become silent.
/o/ tends to become [ɔ] in stressed positions.
[edit] Tags: | |
| Consonants | |
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/k/ between vowels has a tendency to become [x] as in Spanish "José", whereas in the initial position it has a tendency to become [kx], especially in the Manila dialect.
Intervocalic /ɡ/ and /k/ tend to become [ɰ] (see preceding), as in Arabic "ghair", especially in the Manila dialect.
/ɾ/ and /d/ are sometimes interchangeable as /ɾ/ and /d/ were once allophones in Tagalog.
A glottal stop that occurs at the end of a word is often omitted when it is in the middle of a sentence, especially in the Metro Manila area. The vowel it follows is then usually lengthened. However, it is preserved in many other dialects.
/ts/ may be pronounced [tʃ], as in English "chimney."
/ɾ/ can be pronounced [r].
/b/ can be pronounced [ɓ][citation needed].
[edit] Tags: | |
| Historical changes | |
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Tagalog differs from its Central Philippine counterparts with its treatment of the Proto-Philippine schwa vowel *ə. In Bikol & Visayan, this sound merged with /u/ and [o]. In Tagalog, it has merged with /i/. For example, Proto-Philippine *dəkət (adhere, stick) is Tagalog dikít and Visayan & Bikol dukot.
Proto-Philippine *r, *j, and *z merged with /d/ but is /l/ between vowels. Proto-Philippine *ŋɡajan (name) and *hajək (kiss) became Tagalog ngalan and halík.
Proto-Philippine *R merged with /ɡ/. *tubiR (water) and *zuRuʔ (blood) became Tagalog tubig and dugô.
[edit] Tags: | |
| Writing system | |
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This article contains Baybayin script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Baybayin characters.
[edit] Tags: | |
| Baybayin | |
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Main article: Baybayin
Tagalog was written in an abugida, or alphasyllabary, called Baybayin prior to the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, in the 16th century. This particular writing system was composed of symbols representing three vowels and 14 consonants. Belonging to the Brahmic family of scripts, it shares similarities with the Old Kawi script of Java and is believed to be descended from the script used by the Bugis in Sulawesi.
Although it enjoyed a relatively high level of literacy, Baybayin gradually fell into disuse in favor of the Latin alphabet taught by the Spaniards during their rule.
There has been confusion of how to use Baybayin, which is actually an abugida, or an alphasyllabary, rather than an alphabet. Not every letter in the Latin alphabet is represented with one of those in the Baybayin alphasyllabary. Rather than letters being put together to make sounds as in Western languages, Baybayin uses symbols to represent syllables.
A "kudlit" resembling an apostrophe is used above or below a symbol to change the vowel sound after its consonant. If the kudlit is used above, the vowel is an "E" or "I" sound. If the kudlit is used below, the vowel is an "O" or "U" sound. A special kudlit was later added by Spanish missionaries in which a cross placed below the symbol to get rid of the vowel sound all together, leaving a consonant. Previously, the final vowel was just left out, leaving the reader to use context to determine the final vowels.
Example:
Baybayin is encoded in Unicode version 3.2 in the range 1700-171F under the name "Tagalog".
a
e/i
o/u
ka
ga
nga
ta
da/ra
na
pa
ba
ma
ya
la
wa
sa
ha
vowels
᜔
a
ᜀ
i
e
ᜁ
u
o
ᜂ
b
b
ᜊ᜔
ba
ᜊ
bi
be
ᜊᜒ
bu
bo
ᜊᜓ
k
k
ᜃ᜔
ka
ᜃ
ki
ke
ᜃᜒ
ku
ko
ᜃᜓᜓ
d/r
d/r
ᜇ᜔
da/ra
ᜇ
di/ri
de/re
ᜇᜒ
du/ru
do/ro
ᜇᜓ
g
g
ᜄ᜔
ga
ᜄ
gi
ge
ᜄᜒ
gu
go
ᜄᜓ
h
h
ᜑ᜔
ha
ᜑ
hi
he
ᜑᜒ
hu
ho
ᜑᜓ
l
l
ᜎ᜔
la
ᜎ
li
le
ᜎᜒ
lu
lo
ᜎᜓ
m
m
ᜋ᜔
ma
ᜋ
mi
me
ᜋᜒ
mu
mo
ᜋᜓ
n
n
ᜈ᜔
na
ᜈ
ni
ne
ᜈᜒ
nu
no
ᜈᜓ
ng
ng
ᜅ᜔
nga
ᜅ
ngi
nge
ᜅᜒ
ngu
ngo
ᜅᜓ
p
p
ᜉ᜔
pa
ᜉ
pi
pe
ᜉᜒ
pu
po
ᜉᜓ
s
s
ᜐ᜔
sa
ᜐ
si
se
ᜐᜒ
su
so
ᜐᜓ
t
t
ᜆ᜔
ta
ᜆ
ti
te
ᜆᜒ
tu
to
ᜆᜓ
w
w
ᜏ᜔
wa
ᜏ
wi
we
ᜏᜒ
wu
wo
ᜏᜓ
y
y
ᜌ᜔
ya
ᜌ
yi
ye
ᜌᜒ
yu
yo
ᜌᜓ
[edit] Tags:Writing System, | |
| Abecedario | |
| 4>
Until the first half of the 20th century, Tagalog was widely written in a variety of ways based on Spanish orthography consisting of 32 letters called 'ABECEDARIO'[21][22]:
Majuscule
Minuscule
Majuscule
Minuscule
A
a
Ng
ng
B
b
Ñ
ñ
C
c
N͠g / Ñg
n͠g / ñg
Ch
ch
O
o
D
d
P
p
E
e
Q
q
F
f
R
r
G
g
Rr
rr
H
h
S
s
I
i
T
t
J
j
U
u
K
k
V
v
L
l
W
w
Ll
ll
X
x
M
m
Y
y
N
n
Z
z
[edit] Tags: | |
| Abakada | |
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Main article: Abakada
When the national language was based on Tagalog, grammarian Lope K. Santos introduced a new alphabet consisting of 20 letters called ABAKADA in school grammar books called balarilà[23][24][25]:
Majuscule
Minuscule
Majuscule
Minuscule
A
a
N
n
B
b
Ng
ng
K
k
O
o
D
d
P
p
E
e
R
r
G
g
S
s
H
h
T
t
I
i
U
u
L
l
W
w
M
m
Y
y
[edit] Tags: | |
zote monety |