Southern Min Photos:

Southern Min
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Southern Min
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Southern Min
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Southern Min
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Southern Min Basic Informations:

Geographic distribution
2> Southern Min is spoken in the southern part of Fujian province, three southeastern counties of Zhejiang province, the Zhoushan archipelago off Ningbo in Zhejiang, and the eastern part of Guangdong province (Chaoshan region). The Qiong Wen variant spoken in the Leizhou peninsula of Guangdong province, as well as Hainan province, which is not mutually intelligible with standard Minnan or Teochew, is classified in some schemes as part of Southern Min and in other schemes as separate. A form of Southern Min akin to that spoken in southern Fujian is also spoken in Taiwan, where it has the native name of Tâi-oân-oē or Hō-ló-oē. The (sub)ethnic group for which Southern Min is considered a native language is known as the Holo (Hō-ló) or Hoklo, the main ethnicity of Taiwan. The correspondence between language and ethnicity is generally true though not absolute, as some Hoklo have very limited proficiency in Southern Min while some non-Hoklos speak Southern Min fluently. There are many Southern Min speakers also among overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia. Many ethnic Chinese emigrants to the region were Hoklo from southern Fujian, and brought the language to what is now Indonesia (the former Dutch East Indies) and present day Malaysia and Singapore (formerly Malaya, Burma, and the British Straits Settlements). In general, Southern Min from southern Fujian is known as Hokkien, Hokkienese, Fukien or Fookien in Southeast Asia, and is very much like Taiwanese. Many Southeast Asian ethnic Chinese also originated in the Chaoshan region of Guangdong province and speak Teochew, the variant of Southern Min from that region. Southern Min is reportedly the native language of up to 98.5% of the community of ethnic Chinese in the Philippines, among whom it is also known as Lan-nang or Lán-lâng-oē ("Our people’s language"). Southern Min speakers form the majority of Chinese in Singapore with the largest being Hoklos and the second largest being the Teochews. Finally, Southern Min is also being spoken in increasingly larger communities in the Chinatowns of New York City in the United States. [edit]

Tags:China,Malaysia,Indonesia,Singapore,Philippines,United States,New York City,Hoklo,Fujian,Chaoshan,Leizhou Peninsula,Guangdong,Zhejiang,Hainan,Qiong Wen,Chinese,Min,Hokkien,Teochew,Taiwanese,Taiwan,Mutually Intelligible,Language,Edit,Zhoushan Archipelago,Ningbo,Leizhou,Hō-ló-oē,Native Language,Holo,Hoklos,Overseas Chinese,Southeast Asia,Dutch East Indies,Malaya,Burma,British Straits Settlements,Southeast Asian,Community Of Ethnic Chinese,Lan-nang,Teochews,Chinese In Singapore,Major,
Classification
2> Southern Fujian is home to three main Hokkien dialects. They are known by the geographic locations to which they correspond (listed north to south): Quanzhou (Chinchew, 泉州) Xiamen (Amoy, 廈門) Zhangzhou (Changchew, 漳州) As Xiamen is the principal city of southern Fujian, the Xiamen dialect is considered the most important, or even prestige dialect. The Xiamen dialect is a hybrid of the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects. The Xiamen dialect (also known as the Amoy dialect) has played an influential role in history, especially in the relations of Western nations with China, and was one of the most frequently learned of all Chinese languages/dialects by Westerners during the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century. The variants of Southern Min spoken in Zhejiang province are most akin to that spoken in Quanzhou. The variants spoken in Taiwan are similar to the three Fujian variants, and are collectively known as Taiwanese. Taiwanese is used by a majority of the population and is quite important from a socio-political and cultural perspective, forming the second most important, if not the more influential pole of the language due to the popularity of Taiwanese Hokkien media. Those Southern Min variants that are collectively known as "Hokkien" in Southeast Asia also originate from these variants. The variants of Southern Min in the Chaoshan region of eastern Guangdong province are collectively known as Teochew or Chaozhou. Teochew is of great importance in the Southeast Asian Chinese diaspora, particularly in Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Sumatra and West Kalimantan. The Philippines variant is mostly from the Quanzhou area as most of their forefathers are from the aforementioned area. The Southern Min language variant spoken around Shanwei and Haifeng differs markedly from Teochew and may represent a later migration from Zhangzhou. Linguistically, it lies between Teochew and Amoy. In southwestern Fujian, the local variants in Longyan and Zhangping form a separate division of Min Nan on their own. Among ethnic Chinese inhabitants of Penang, Malaysia and Medan, Indonesia, a distinct form of Zhangzhou (Changchew) Hokkien has developed. In Penang, it is called Penang Hokkien while across the Malacca Strait in Medan, an almost identical variant is known as Medan Hokkien. [edit]

Tags:Thailand,Vietnam,Chaozhou,Ipa,Chinese Languages,Diaspora,Amoy,Quanzhou,Zhangzhou,Chinese Language,Dialect,Chinchew,Xiamen,Changchew,Prestige Dialect,Amoy Dialect,Western,Westerners,Taiwanese Hokkien,Chinese Diaspora,Cambodia,Sumatra,West Kalimantan,Shanwei,Haifeng,Longyan,Zhangping,Penang,Medan,Penang Hokkien,Malacca Strait,Medan Hokkien,Southwestern,
Cultural and political role
2> The Min Nan (or "Hokkien") language can trace its roots through the Tang Dynasty. Min Nan (Hokkien) people call themselves "Tang people," (唐人, tn̂g lâng) which is synonymous to "Chinese people". Because of the widespread influence of the Tang culture during the great Tang dynasty, we find today still many Min Nan pronunciations of words shared by the Korean and Japanese language. For example, the Hokkien term for bridge (橋) is "kiô" (Korean 교, kyo), book (冊) is "chheh" (Korean 책, chaek), student is "ha̍k-sing" (學生) (Korean 학생, haksaeng), dangerous (危險) is "guî-hiám", "wiheom" (Korean 위험), and insurance (保險) is "pó-hiám" (Korean 보험, boheom). [edit]

Tags:Tang Dynasty,Korean,Japanese,
Phonology
2> Main articles: Hokkien and Teochew dialect The Southern Min language has one of the most diverse phonologies of Chinese variants, with more consonants than Mandarin or Cantonese. Vowels, on the other hand, are more or less similar to those of Mandarin. In general, Southern Min dialects have five to six tones, and tone sandhi is extensive. There are minor variations within Hokkien, but the Teochew system differs significantly. Southern Min's nasal finals consist m and -ŋ, it previously had an n final in ancient times.[1] [edit]

Tags:Mandarin,Cantonese,Teochew Dialect,Tones,Tone Sandhi,
Varieties
2> Xiamen speech is a hybrid of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou speech. Taiwanese is also a hybrid of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou speech. Taiwanese in northern Taiwan tends to be based on Quanzhou speech, whereas the Taiwanese spoken in southern Taiwan tends to be based on Zhangzhou speech. There are minor variations in pronunciation and vocabulary between Quanzhou and Zhangzhou speech. The grammar is basically the same. Additionally, Taiwanese includes several dozen loanwords from Japanese. In contrast, Teochew speech is significantly different from Quanzhou and Zhangzhou speech in both pronunciation and vocabulary. [edit]

Tags:Xiamen Speech,
Vowel shifts
3> The following table provides words that illustrate some of the more commonly seen vowel shifts. Characters with same vowel are shown in parentheses. English Chinese character Accent Pe̍h-ōe-jī IPA Teochew Peng'Im two 二 Quanzhou, Taipei lī li˧ nŏ, jĭ (nõ˧˥, zi˧˥)[2] Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Tainan jī dzi˧ sick 病 (生) Quanzhou, Xiamen, Taipei pīⁿ pĩ˧ pēⁿ (pẽ˩) Zhangzhou, Tainan pēⁿ pẽ˧ egg 卵 (遠) Quanzhou, Xiamen, Taiwan nn̄g nŋ˧ nn̆g (nŋ˧˥) Zhangzhou nūi nui˧ chopsticks 箸 (豬) Quanzhou tīr tɯ˧ tēu (tɤ˩) Xiamen tū tu˧ Zhangzhou, Taiwan tī ti˧ shoes 鞋 (街) Quanzhou, Xiamen, Taipei uê ue˧˥ ôi (tɤ˩) Zhangzhou, Tainan ê e˧˥ leather 皮 (未) Quanzhou phêr pʰə˨˩ phuê (pʰue˩) Xiamen, Taipei phê pʰe˨˩ Zhangzhou, Tainan phôe pʰue˧ chicken 雞 (細) Quanzhou, Xiamen koe kue koi Zhangzhou, Taiwan ke ke fire 火 (過) Quanzhou her hə hué Xiamen hé he Zhangzhou, Taiwan hoé hue go 去 (虛) Quanzhou Khir Kʰɯ Xiamen, Taipei Khu Kʰu Zhangzhou, Tainan Khi Kʰi [edit]

Tags:Pe̍h-ōe-jī,Chinese Character,二,Taipei,Tainan,病,(生),卵,(遠),箸,(豬),鞋,(街),皮,(未),雞,(細),火,(過),去,(虛),
Spoken mutual intelligibility
4> Quanzhou speech, Xiamen (Amoy) speech, Zhangzhou speech and Taiwanese are mutually intelligible. Chaozhou (Teochew) speech and Amoy speech are 84.3% phonetically similar[3] and 33.8% lexically similar[unreliable source?] ,[4] whereas Mandarin and Amoy Min Nan are 62% phonetically similar[3] and 15.1% lexically similar.[4] In comparison, German and English are 60% lexically similar.[5] In other words, Chao-Shan, including Swatow (both of which are variants of Teochew), has very low intelligibility with Amoy,[6] and Amoy and Teochew are not mutually intelligible with Mandarin. However, many Amoy and Teochew speakers speak Mandarin as a second or third language. [edit]

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Written mutual intelligibility
4> See also: Written Hokkien Southern Min dialects lack a standardized written language. Southern Min speakers are taught how to read Mandarin in school. As a result, there has not been an urgent need to develop a writing system. In recent years, an increasing number of Southern Min Language speakers have become interested in developing a standard writing system (either by using Chinese Characters, or using Romanized script). [edit]

Tags:Written Hokkien,Romanized,
See also
2> Languages of China Languages of Taiwan Malaysian Chinese Chinese in Singapore Amoy Min Nan Swadesh list [edit]

Tags:Languages Of China,Languages Of Taiwan,Malaysian Chinese,Amoy Min Nan Swadesh List,
Related languages
3> Penang Hokkien Southern Malaysia Hokkien Lan-nang (Philippine dialect of Min Nan) Taiwanese Hokkien Fuzhou dialect (Min Dong branch) Hakka Chinese Singaporean Hokkien [edit]

Tags:Hakka,Southern Malaysia Hokkien,Fuzhou Dialect,Hakka Chinese,
References
2> ^ [http://books.google.com/books?id=xz9sAAAAIAAJ&q=Southern+Min+had+evidence+from+these+documents+and+from+some+modern+dialects+for+a+three-way+distinction+in+the+nasal+endings52+in+proto-Southem+Min+although+most+modern+Southern+Min+dialects+possess+only+the&dq=Southern+Min+had+evidence+from+these+documents+and+from+some+modern+dialects+for+a+three-way+distinction+in+the+nasal+endings52+in+proto-Southem+Min+although+most+modern+Southern+Min+dialects+possess+only+the&hl=en&ei=S9ycTr3UD-b00gHHm_XECQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA 紀念李方桂先生百年冥誕論文集 "Yu yan ji yu yan xue" zhuan kan]. Zhong yang yan jiu yuan yu yan xue yan jiu suo,. 2005. p. 464. http://books.google.com/books?id=xz9sAAAAIAAJ&q=Southern+Min+had+evidence+from+these+documents+and+from+some+modern+dialects+for+a+three-way+distinction+in+the+nasal+endings52+in+proto-Southem+Min+although+most+modern+Southern+Min+dialects+possess+only+the&dq=Southern+Min+had+evidence+from+these+documents+and+from+some+modern+dialects+for+a+three-way+distinction+in+the+nasal+endings52+in+proto-Southem+Min+although+most+modern+Southern+Min+dialects+possess+only+the&hl=en&ei=S9ycTr3UD-b00gHHm_XECQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA. Retrieved 23 September 2011. "Southern Min had evidence from these documents and from some modern dialects for a three-way distinction in the nasal endings52 in proto-Southem Min although most modern Southern Min dialects possess only the -m and the -ŋ ending. It is therefore not difficult to prove that it was the *-n that was lost first."  ^ for Teochew Peng'Im on the word 'two', ri6 can also be written as dzi6. ^ a b [http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/research/mutint/phon/minnan.php glossika Southern Min Language phonetics] ^ a b [http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/research/mutint/lex/minnan.php glossika Southern Min Language ] ^ [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=deu Ethnologue: German] ^ [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=nan Ethnologue: Min Nan] [edit]

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Further reading
2> Branner, David Prager (2000). Problems in Comparative Chinese Dialectology — the Classification of Miin and Hakka. Trends in Linguistics series, no. 123. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 31-101-5831-0.  Chung, R.-f (196). The segmental phonology of Southern Min in Taiwan. Taipei: Crane Pub. Co. ISBN 95-794-6346-8.  DeBernardi, J. E (1991). "Linguistic nationalism--the case of Southern Min". Dept. of Oriental Studies, University of Pennsylvania.. http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp025_taiwanese.html.  "Southern Min Grammar" (3 articles), Part V, Sinitic Grammar, Hilary Chappell (ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford 2001. ISBN 0-19-829977-X. [edit]

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External links
2> Min Nan edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Min Nan Look up Min Nan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 當代泉州音字彙, a dictionary of Quanzhou speech 台語-華語線頂辭典, Taiwanese-Mandarin on-line dictionary (Min-nan)(Chinese) 台語線頂字典, Taiwanese Hokkien Han Character online dictionary. 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典, Taiwanese Hokkien Commonly-used Words Dictionary by Ministry of Education, Republic of China (Taiwan). 臺灣本土語言互譯及語音合成系統, Taiwanese-Hakka-Mandarin on-line conversion Voyager - Spacecraft - Golden Record - Greetings From Earth - Amoy The voyager clip says: Thài-khong pêng-iú, lín-hó. Lín chia̍h-pá—bē? Ū-êng, to̍h lâi gún chia chē—ô·! 太空朋友，恁好。恁食飽未？有閒著來阮遮坐哦! 台語詞典 Taiwanese-English-Mandarin Dictionary How to Forget Your Mother Tongue and Remember Your National Language by Victor H. Mair University of Pennsylvania wikt:Appendix:Sino-Tibetan Swadesh lists v d e Southern Min languages Quanzhou - Zhangzhou Min (Written Hokkien) East Asia Amoy Min  • Quanzhou dialect  • Zhangzhou dialect  • Taiwanese Hokkien Southeast Asia Singaporean Hokkien  • Lan-nang Hokkien  • Penang Hokkien  • Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien  • Northern Malaysian Hokkien  • Medan Hokkien  • Riau Hokkien Chaozhou Min Chaozhou Min  • Shantou dialect  • Chaoyang dialect  • Puning dialect  • Hailufeng dialect  • Bangkok Teochew  • Cambodia Teochew  • Riau Teochew Qiongwen Hainanese Min Leizhou Min Leizhou Min  • Zhanjiang dialect Longyan Min Longyan Min Zhongshan Min Zhongshan Min  • Longdu dialect  • Nanlang dialect  • Sanxiang dialect  • Zhangjiabian dialect v d e Chinese language(s) Major subdivisions Mandarin Northeastern Ji-Lu Jiao-Liao Zhongyuan Southwestern Lan-Yin Lower Yangtze Beijing Dungan Xuzhou Luoyang Tianjin Jinan Karamay Nanking Sichuanese Kunming Shenyang Harbin Qingdao Guanzhong Dalian Weihai Taiwanese Mandarin Filipino-Mandarin Malaysian Mandarin Singaporean Mandarin Chuan-pu Wu Taihu Shanghainese Suzhou Hangzhou Ningbo Changzhou Wuxi Jiangyin Qihai Jinxiang Chuqu Quzhou Jiangshan Qingtian Huizhou Wenzhou Taizhou Wu Taizhou Wuzhou Xuanzhou Yue Yuehai Cantonese Tanka Gao-Yang Siyi Taishan Goulou Wu-Hua Yong-Xun Luo-Guang Qin-Lian Haihua Min Min Nan Qiong Wen Leizhou Zhanjiang Hokkien Amoy Quanzhou Zhangzhou Taiwanese Lan-nang Singaporean Hokkien Southern Malaysian Hokkien Teochew Shantou Haifeng Zhenan Longyan Nanlang Zhongshan Sanxiang Min Dong Fuzhou Manjiang other Min Min Bei Min Zhong Pu-Xian Jian'ou Shao-Jiang Xiang Changsha Shuangfeng Hakka Dapeng Yuantang Gan Chang-Jing Ying-Yi Yi-Liu Da-Tong Disputed Huizhou Jin Pinghua Hohhot Danzhou Minjiang Unclassified Shaozhou Tuhua Standardized forms (Ausbausprache) Mandarin Cantonese Taiwanese Phonology Historical Old Cantonese Mandarin History Old Chinese Middle Chinese Proto-Gan Proto-Mandarin Han'er Ba-Shu Written Chinese Official Classical Vernacular Pinyin Bopomofo Historical scripts O

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