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| Emergence of the discipline | |
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See also: History of the Internet
The Internet is a relatively new phenomenon. As Robert Darnton wrote, it is a revolutionary change that however "took place yesterday, or the day before, depending on how you measure it."[1] The Internet developed from the ARPANET, dating back to 1969; as a term it was coined in 1974. The World Wide Web as we know it was shaped in the mid 1990s, when graphical interface and services like email became popular and reached wider (non-scientific and non-military) audiences and commerce.[1][2] Internet Explorer was first released in 1995; Netscape a year earlier. Google was founded in 1998.[1][2] Wikipedia was founded in 2001. Facebook, MySpace, and YouTube in the mid-2000s. Web 2.0 is still emerging. Steadily, the amount of information available on the net and the number of Internet users worldwide has continued to grow quickly.[2]
[edit] Tags:History,Internet,History Of The Internet,Relatively New Phenomenon,Robert Darnton,Arpanet,World Wide Web,Graphical Interface,Email,Commerce,Internet Explorer,Netscape,Google,Wikipedia,Facebook,Myspace,Youtube,Web 2.0, | |
| Research trends | |
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According to DiMaggio et al. (2001),[2] research tends to focus on the Internet's implications in five domains:
inequality (the issues of digital divide)
community and social capital (the issues of time displacement)
political participation (the issues of public sphere, deliberative democracy and civil society)
organizations and other economic institutions
cultural participation and cultural diversity
Early on there were predictions that the Internet will change everything (or nothing); in time however a consensus has emerged that the Internet, at least in the current phase of development, complements rather than displaces previously implemented media.[2] This has meant a rethinking of the 1990s ideas of "convergence of new and old media". Further, the Internet offers a rare opportunity to study changes caused by the newly emerged - and likely, still evolving - information and communication technology (ICT).[2]
[edit] Tags:Research,Inequality,Digital Divide,Community,Social Capital,Time Displacement,Political Participation,Public Sphere,Deliberative Democracy,Civil Society,Organizations,Cultural Participation,Cultural Diversity,Media,Information And Communication Technology, | |
| Social impact | |
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The Internet has created new forums of social interaction and social relations including social networking websites such as Facebook and MySpace and sites such as meetup.com and Couchsurfing which facilitate offline interaction.
Though virtual communities were once thought to be composed of strictly virtual social ties, researchers often find that even those social ties formed in virtual spaces are often maintained both online and offline [3][4]
There are ongoing debates about the impact of the Internet on strong and weak ties, whether the internet is creating more or less social capital,[5][6] the internet's role in trends towards social isolation,[7] and whether it creates a more or less diverse social environment.
[edit] Tags:Virtual Communities,Interaction,Online,Social Interaction,Social Relations,Social Networking,Meetup.com,Couchsurfing,Strong,Weak Ties, | |
| Political organization and censorship | |
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The Internet has achieved new relevance as a political tool. The presidential campaign of Howard Dean in 2004 in the United States became famous for its ability to generate donations via the Internet, and the 2008 campaign of Barack Obama became even more so. Increasingly, social movements and other organizations use the Internet to carry out both traditional and the new Internet activism.
Governments are also getting on-line. Some countries, such as those of Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Myanmar, the People's Republic of China, and Saudi Arabia, use filtering and censoring software restrict what people in their countries can access on the Internet. With United Kingdom, they also use software to locate and arrest various individuals they perceive as a threat. Other countries, including the United States, have enacted laws making the possession or distribution of certain material, such as child pornography, illegal, but do not use filtering software. In some countries Internet service providers have agreed to restrict access to sites listed by police.
[edit] Tags:Howard Dean,United States,Barack Obama,Social Movements,Internet Activism,Cuba,Iran,North Korea,Myanmar,People's Republic Of China,Saudi Arabia,Restrict What People In Their Countries Can Access On The Internet,United Kingdom,Child Pornography,Internet Service Providers, | |
| Philanthropy | |
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The spread of low-cost internet access in developing countries has opened up new possibilities for peer-to-peer charities, which allow individuals to contribute small amounts to charitable projects for other individuals. Websites such as Donors Choose and Global Giving now allow small-scale donors to direct funds to individual projects of their choice.
A popular twist on internet-based philanthropy is the use of peer-to-peer lending for charitable purposes. Kiva pioneered this concept in 2005, offering the first web-based service to publish individual loan profiles for funding. Kiva raises funds for local intermediary microfinance organizations which post stories and updates on behalf of the borrowers. Lenders can contribute as little as $25 to loans of their choice, and receive their money back as borrowers repay. Kiva falls short of being a pure peer-to-peer charity, in that loans are disbursed before being funded by lenders and borrowers do not communicate with lenders themselves.[8][9] However, the recent spread of cheap internet access in developing countries has made genuine peer-to-peer connections increasingly feasible. In 2009 the US-based nonprofit Zidisha tapped into this trend to offer the first peer-to-peer microlending platform to link lenders and borrowers across international borders without local intermediaries. Inspired by interactive websites such as Facebook and eBay, Zidisha's microlending platform facilitates direct dialogue between lenders and borrowers and a performance rating system for borrowers. Web users worldwide can fund loans for as little as a dollar.[10]
[edit] Tags:Peer-to-peer Charities,Donors Choose,Global Giving,Peer-to-peer Lending,Kiva,Microfinance, | |
| Leisure | |
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The Internet has been a major source of leisure since before the World Wide Web, with entertaining social experiments such as MUDs and MOOs being conducted on university servers, and humor-related Usenet groups receiving much of the main traffic. Today, many Internet forums have sections devoted to games and funny videos; short cartoons in the form of Flash movies are also popular. Over 6 million people use blogs or message boards as a means of communication and for the sharing of ideas.
The pornography and gambling industries have both taken full advantage of the World Wide Web, and often provide a significant source of advertising revenue for other websites. Although many governments have attempted to put restrictions on both industries' use of the Internet, this has generally failed to stop their widespread popularity.
One main area of leisure on the Internet is multiplayer gaming. This form of leisure creates communities, bringing people of all ages and origins to enjoy the fast-paced world of multiplayer games. These range from MMORPG to first-person shooters, from role-playing video games to online gambling. This has revolutionized the way many people interact and spend their free time on the Internet.
While online gaming has been around since the 1970s, modern modes of online gaming began with services such as GameSpy and MPlayer, to which players of games would typically subscribe. Non-subscribers were limited to certain types of gameplay or certain games.
Many use the Internet to access and download music, movies and other works for their enjoyment and relaxation. As discussed above, there are paid and unpaid sources for all of these, using centralized servers and distributed peer-to-peer technologies. Discretion is needed as some of these sources take more care over the original artists' rights and over copyright laws than others.
Many use the World Wide Web to access news, weather and sports reports, to plan and book holidays and to find out more about their random ideas and casual interests.
People use chat, messaging and e-mail to make and stay in touch with friends worldwide, sometimes in the same way as some previously had pen pals. Social networking websites like MySpace, Facebook and many others like them also put and keep people in contact for their enjoyment.
The Internet has seen a growing number of Web desktops, where users can access their files, folders, and settings via the Internet.
Cyberslacking has become a serious drain on corporate resources; the average UK employee spends 57 minutes a day surfing the Web at work, according to a study by Peninsula Business Services.[11]
[edit] Tags: | |
| See also | |
| 2>
Book: Internet
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.
Anthropology of cyberspace
Social informatics
Social web
Sociology of science and technology
Technology diffusion
Internet
Cyber-dissident
Political repression of cyber-dissidents
Censorship
Internet censorship
Reporters sans frontières
[edit] Tags:Sociology,Science, | |
| References | |
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^ a b c Robert Darnton, The Library in the New Age, The New York Review of Books, Volume 55, Number 10. June 12, 2008. Retrieved on 22 December 2009.
^ a b c d e f Paul DiMaggio, Eszter Hargittai, W. Russell Neuman, and John P. Robinson, Social Implications of the Internet, Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 27: 307-336 (Volume publication date August 2001), (doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.307) [1]
^ Lauren F. Sessions, “How offline gatherings affect online community members: when virtual community members ‘meetup’.””Information, Communication, and Society”13,3(April, 2010):375-395
^ Bo Xie, B. ‘The mutual shaping of online and offline social relationships.”Information Research, 1,3(2008):n.p.
^ Lee Rainie, John Horrigan, Barry Wellman, and Jeffrey Boase. (2006)“The Strength of Internet Ties” Pew Internet and American Life Project. Washington, D.C.
^ Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook "friends:" Social capital and college students' use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4).
^ Social Isolation and New Technology Pew Internet and American Life Report
^ Kiva Is Not Quite What It Seems, by David Roodman, Center for Global Development, Oct. 2, 2009, as accessed Jan. 2 & 16, 2010
^ Confusion on Where Money Lent via Kiva Goes, by Stephanie Strom, in The New York Times, Nov. 8, 2009, as accessed Jan. 2 & 16, 2010
^ "Zidisha Set to "Expand" in Peer-to-Peer Microfinance", Microfinance Focus, Feb 2010
^ Scotsman.com News - Net abuse hits small city firms
[edit] Tags: | |
| Further reading | |
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John A. Bargh and Katelyn Y. A. McKenna, The Internet and Social Life, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 55: 573-590 (Volume publication date February 2004), (doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141922) [2]
Allison Cavanagh, Sociology in the Age of the Internet, McGraw-Hill International, 2007, ISBN 0335217257
Christine Hine, Virtual Methods: Issues in Social Research on the Internet, Berg Publishers, 2005, ISBN 1845200853
Rob Kling, The Internet for Sociologists, Contemporary Sociology, Vol. 26, No. 4 (Jul., 1997), pp. 434–444
Joan Ferrante-Wallace, Joan Ferrante, Sociology.net: Sociology on the Internet, Thomson Wadsworth, 1996, ISBN 0534527566
Daniel A. Menchik and Xiaoli Tian. (2008) "Putting Social Context into Text: The Semiotics of Email Interaction." The American Journal of Sociology. 114:2 pp. 332–70.
D. R. Wilson, Researching Sociology on the Internet, Thomson/Wadsworth, 2004, ISBN 0534624375
[edit] Tags:Sociologists, | |
| External links | |
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Sociology and the Internet (A short introduction, originally put-together for delegates to the ATSS 2000 Conference.)
Peculiarities of Cyberspace - Building Blocks for an Internet Sociology (Articles the social structure and dynamic of internetcommunities. Presented by dr Albert Benschop, University of Amsterdam.)
Communication and Information Technologies Section of the American Sociological Association
The Impact of the Internet on Sociology: The Importance of the Communication and Information Technologies Section of the American Sociological Association
Sociology and the Internet (course)
Sociology of the Internet (link collection)
Internet sociologist
The Sociology of the Internet
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