Slugs Photos:

Slugs
Photo:1
Slugs
Photo:2
Slugs
Photo:3
Slugs
Photo:4


Slugs Basic Informations:

Morphology and behavior
2> Anatomy of a slug Like other pulmonate land snails, most slugs have two pairs of 'feelers' or tentacles on their head. The upper pair is light sensing and has eyespots at the ends, while the lower pair provides the sense of smell. Both pairs are retractable, and can be regrown if lost. On top of the slug, behind the head, is the saddle-shaped mantle, and under this are the genital opening and anus. On one side (almost always the right hand side) of the mantle is a respiratory opening, which is easy to see when open, but difficult to see when closed. This opening is known as the pneumostome. Within the mantle in some species is a very small, rather flat shell. Like other snails, a slug moves by rhythmic waves of muscular contraction on the underside of its foot. It simultaneously secretes a layer of mucus on which it travels, which helps prevent damage to the foot tissues. Around the edge of the foot is the 'foot fringe'. Some slug species hibernate underground during the winter in temperate climates, but in other species, the adults die in the autumn. [edit]

Tags:Snail,Edit,Light,Sensing,Sense Of Smell,Mantle,Respiratory,Pneumostome,Muscular Contraction,Hibernate,Mucus,Help,
Vestigial shell
2> Most slugs retain a remnant of their shell, which is usually internalized. This organ generally serves as storage for calcium salts, often in conjunction with the digestive glands.[2] An internal shell is present in the Limacidae[3] and Parmacellidae.[4] Adult Philomycidae,[3] Onchidiidae[5] and Veronicellidae[6] lack shells. [edit]

Tags:
Mucus
2> An active slug in Fremont, California Slugs' bodies are made up mostly of water, and without a full-sized shell, their soft tissues are prone to desiccation. They must generate protective mucus to survive. Many species are most active just after rain because of the moist ground. In drier conditions, they hide in damp places such as under tree bark, fallen logs, rocks, and man-made structures, such as planters, to help retain body moisture. Slugs produce two types of mucus: one which is thin and watery, and another which is thick and sticky. Both kinds of mucus are hygroscopic. The thin mucus spreads from the foot's centre to its edges, whereas the thick mucus spreads from front to back. Slugs also produce thick mucus which coats the whole body of the animal. The mucus secreted by the foot contains fibres which help prevent the slug from slipping down vertical surfaces. The "slime trail" that a slug leaves behind has some secondary effects: other slugs coming across a slime trail can recognize the slime trail as produced by one of the same species, which is useful in finding a mate. Following a slime trail is also part of the hunting behavior of some carnivorous slugs. Body mucus provides some protection against predators, as it can make the slug hard to pick up and hold by a bird's beak, for example, and the mucus itself can be distasteful. Some species of slug secrete slime cords to lower themselves onto the ground, or to suspend a pair of slugs during copulation. [edit]

Tags:Leaves,Read,
Reproduction
2> Close-up of mating great grey slugs Slug eggs and baby Slugs are hermaphrodites, having both female and male reproductive organs. Once a slug has located a mate, they encircle each other and sperm is exchanged through their protruded genitalia. A few days later the slugs lay around 30 eggs in a hole in the ground, or beneath the cover of an object such as a fallen log. Apophallation is a commonly seen practice among many slugs. In apophallating species, the penis curls like a corkscrew and during mating often becomes entangled in the mate's genitalia. Apophallation allows the slugs to separate themselves by one or both of the slugs chewing off the other's penis. Once its penis has been removed, the slug is still able to mate using only the female parts of its reproductive system. [edit]

Tags:
Ecology
2> Arion vulgaris feeding on green leaves. The recently discovered ghost slug hunts and eats earthworms A. muscaria is prone to slug attack, as are many other fungi. It is unclear as to whether slugs are subject to the mushroom's drug effects. An Arion ater slug eating an already dead earthworm. Many slug species play an important ecosystem role by eating dead leaves, fungus, and decaying vegetable material. Other species eat parts of living plants. Some slugs are predators and eat other slugs and snails, or earthworms. Most carnivorous slugs on occasion also eat carrion, including dead of their own kind. [edit]

Tags:Arion Ater,Arion,Arion Vulgaris,Ghost Slug,Earthworm,Carrion,
Predators
2> Frogs, toads, snakes, hedgehogs, Salamanders, eastern box turtles, rats, Caecilians and also some birds and beetles are slug predators. Slugs, when attacked, can contract their body, making themselves harder and more compact, and combined with the slippery mucus is more difficult for many animals to grasp. The unpleasant taste of the mucus is also a deterrent. Some slugs can self-amputate (autotomy) a portion of their tail to help the slug escape from a predator.[7] [edit]

Tags:Frogs,Toads,Snakes,Hedgehogs,Salamanders,Eastern Box Turtles,Rats,Autotomy,
Human relevance
2> The great majority of slug species are harmless to humans and to their interests, but a small number of species are serious pests of agriculture and horticulture. They can destroy foliage faster than plants can grow, thus killing even fairly large plants. They also feed on fruits and vegetables prior to harvest, making holes in the crop, which can make individual items unsuitable to sell for aesthetic reasons, and which can make the crop more vulnerable to rot and disease. As control measures, baits are the norm in both agriculture and the garden. In recent years iron phosphate baits have emerged and are preferred over the toxic metaldehyde, especially because domestic or wild animals may be exposed to the bait. The environmentally safer iron phosphate has been shown to be at least as effective as poisonous baits.[8] Methiocarb baits are no longer widely used. Other slug control methods are generally ineffective, but can be somewhat useful in small gardens. These include beer traps,[9] diatomaceous earth, crushed eggshells, coffee grounds, and copper. It is of scientific interest that salt kills slugs by causing water to leave its body owing to osmosis [10] but this is not used for agricultural control as soil salinity is detrimental to crops. In a few rare cases, humans have contracted parasite-induced meningitis from eating raw slugs.[11] A banana slug, Ariolimax dolichophallus, named "Sammy" is the mascot of the University of California at Santa Cruz.[12] In rural southern Italy, the garden slug Arion hortensis was used to treat gastritis, stomach ulcers or peptic ulcers by swallowing it whole and alive. Given that it is now known that most peptic ulcers are caused by Helicobacter pylori, the merit of swallowing a live slug is questionable. A clear mucus produced by the slug is also used to treat various skin conditions including dermatitis, warts, inflammations, calluses, acne and wounds.[13] [edit]

Tags:Iron Phosphate,Metaldehyde,Osmosis,Soil Salinity,Banana Slug,University Of California At Santa Cruz,Peptic Ulcers,Helicobacter Pylori,
Taxonomy
2> Of the six orders of Pulmonata, two – the Onchidiacea and Soleolifera – solely comprise slugs. A third family, the Sigmurethra, contains various clades of snails, semi-slugs (i.e. snails whose shells are too small for them to retract fully into) and slugs.[1] The taxonomy of this group is in the process of being revised in the light of DNA sequencing.[14] It appears that pulmonates are paraphyletic and basal to the opisthobranchs which are a terminal branch of the tree. The family Ellobiidae are also polyphyletic. Subinfraorder Orthurethra Superfamily Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873 Superfamily Cochlicopoidea Pilsbry, 1900 Superfamily Partuloidea Pilsbry, 1900 Superfamily Pupilloidea Turton, 1831 Subinfraorder Sigmurethra Superfamily Acavoidea Pilsbry, 1895 Superfamily Achatinoidea Swainson, 1840 Superfamily Aillyoidea Baker, 1960 Superfamily Arionoidea J.E. Gray in Turnton, 1840 Superfamily Athoracophoroidea Family Athoracophoridae Superfamily Orthalicoidea Subfamily Bulimulinae Superfamily Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895 Superfamily Clausilioidea Mörch, 1864 Superfamily Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921 Superfamily Gastrodontoidea Tryon, 1866 Superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815 Superfamily Helixarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877 Superfamily Limacoidea Rafinesque, 1815 Superfamily Oleacinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855 Superfamily Orthalicoidea Albers-Martens, 1860 Superfamily Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900 Superfamily Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894 Superfamily Punctoidea Morse, 1864 Superfamily Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893 Family Rhytididae Superfamily Sagdidoidera Pilsbry, 1895 Superfamily Staffordioidea Thiele, 1931 Superfamily Streptaxoidea J.E. Gray, 1806 Superfamily Strophocheiloidea Thiele, 1926 Superfamily Parmacelloidea Superfamily Zonitoidea Mörch, 1864 [edit]

Tags:Onchidiacea,Soleolifera,Sigmurethra,Pulmonata,Opisthobranchs,Ellobiidae,Orthurethra,Achatinelloidea,Cochlicopoidea,Partuloidea,Pupilloidea,Acavoidea,Achatinoidea,Aillyoidea,Arionoidea,J.e. Gray,Athoracophoroidea,Athoracophoridae,Orthalicoidea,Bulimulinae,Camaenoidea,Clausilioidea,Mörch,Dyakioidea,Gastrodontoidea,Helicoidea,Rafinesque,Helixarionoidea,Limacoidea,Oleacinoidea,Plectopylidoidea,Polygyroidea,Punctoidea,Rhytidoidea,Rhytididae,
References
2> ^ a b Burton D. W. (January 1982). "How to be sluggish". Tuatara 25 (2): 48–63. http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio25Tuat02-t1-body-d2.html.  ^ Loest, R. A. (1979). "Ammonia Volatilization and Absorption by Terrestrial Gastropods_ a Comparison between Shelled and Shell-Less Species". Physiological Zoology (The University of Chicago Press) 52 (4): 461–469. doi:10.2307/30155937. JSTOR 30155937.  edit ^ a b Branson, BA (1980). "The recent Gastropoda of Oklahoma, Part VIII. The slug families Limacidae, Arionidae, Veronicellidae, and Philomycidae". Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science 60: 29–35.  ^ ALONSO, MR; IBAÑE, M. ESTUDIO DE PARMACELLA VALENCIENNESIl WEBB & VAN BENEDEN, 1836, Y CONSIDERACIONES SO-BRE LA POSICION SISTEMATICA DE LA FAMILIA P ARMACELLIDAE (Mollusca, Pulmonata, Stylommatopho-ra)... http://www.raco.cat/index.php/BolletiSHNBalears/article/viewFile/171102/244828.  ^ DAYRAT, B (2009). "Review of the current knowledge of the systematics of Onchidiidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) with a checklist of nominal species". Zootaxa 2068: 1–26.  ^ SCHILTHUIZEN, M; THOME, JW (2008). "Valiguna flava (Heynemann, 1885) from Indonesia and Malaysia: Redescription and Comparison with Valiguna siamensis (Martens, 1867)(Gastropoda: Soleolifera: Veronicellidae)". Veliger 50 (3): 163–170.  ^ Pekarinen E. (1994) "Autotomy in arionid and limacid slugs". Journal of Molluscan Studies 60(1): 19-23. abstract ^ Less toxic iron phosphate slug bait proves effective ^ http://www.gardening-guru.co.uk/2010/04/11/slugs-traps-death-by-beer/ Beer Traps ^ Slugs and Osmosis ^ "Health and Medicals News - Man's brain infected by eating slugs". http://abc.net.au/science/news/health/HealthRepublish_969551.htm. Retrieved 2006-03-15.  ^ "How the Banana Slug became UCSC's official mascot". http://www.ucsc.edu/about/campus_mascot.asp. Retrieved September 22, 2009.  ^ "Quave et al. Dermatological remedies in the traditional pharmacopoeia of Vulture-Alto Bradano, inland southern Italy. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2008; 4: 5.". http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2275234. Retrieved 2008-08-25.  ^ White TR, Conrad MM, Tseng R, Balayan S, Golding R, de Frias Martins AM, Dayrat BA (2011) Ten new complete mitochondrial genomes of pulmonates (Mollusca: Gastropoda) and their impact on phylogenetic relationships. BMC Evol Biol 11(1):295 [edit]

Tags:Mollusca,Gastropoda,Gastropod,Mollusc,
Further reading
2> Burton D. W. (January 1982). "How to be sluggish". Tuatara 25 (2): 48–63. http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio25Tuat02-t1-body-d2.html.  [edit]

Tags:
External links
2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Stylommatophora Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Slug Wikibooks' A Wikimanual of Gardening has more about this subject: Slugs Ohio State University slug fact sheet Pancake Slug (Veronicella sloanei) Info How to Get Rid of Garden Slugs- an wiki article Jumpings Slugs of the Pacific NW Land Slugs and Snails and Their Control (pub. 1959) hosted by the UNT Government Documents Department Slugs of Florida on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slug&oldid=470447934" Categories: Stylommatophora Personal tools Log in / create account Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history Actions Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Cite this page Print/export Create a bookDownload as PDFPrintable version Languages العربية Asturianu Brezhoneg Català Česky Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 贛語 한국어 Ido עברית Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Slovenčina Svenska ไทย Vèneto 中文 This page was last modified on 9 January 2012 at 15:24. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.Contact us Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Mobile view if ( window.isMSIE55 ) fixalpha(); if ( window.mediaWiki ) { mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.user", "mediawiki.util", "mediawiki.page.ready", "mediawiki.legacy.wikibits", "mediawiki.legacy.ajax", "mediawiki.legacy.

Tags:

zote monety