Photo:1
Photo:2
Photo:3
Photo:4
Photo:1 Photo:2 Photo:3 Photo:4 |
| History | |
| 2>
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2009)
Main article: History of Slovenia
[edit] Tags:Reliable Sources,Challenged, | |
| Prehistory to Slavic settlement | |
| 3>
Ancient menhir, probably of Celtic or Illyrian origin, in Krkavče, Slovenian Istria
Slovene territory was inhabited in prehistoric times and there is evidence of human habitation around 250,000 years ago. Perhaps the most important find is a flute, allegedly the oldest known musical instrument in the world, discovered in Divje Babe cave near Cerkno, dating from the Würm glacial age when the area was inhabited by Neanderthals.[25] In the transition period between the Bronze age to the Iron age, the Urnfield culture flourished. Numerous archeological remains dating from the Hallstatt period have been found in Slovenia. Novo Mesto, one of the most important archeological sites of the Hallstatt culture, has been nicknamed the "Town of Situlas" after numerous situlas found in the area.[26]
In the Iron Age, present-day Slovenia was inhabited by Illyrian and Celtic tribes until the 1st century BC, when the Romans conquered the region establishing the provinces of Pannonia and Noricum. What is now western Slovenia was included directly under Roman Italia as part of the X region Venetia et Histria. The Romans established posts at Emona (Ljubljana), Poetovio (Ptuj) and Celeia (Celje) and constructed trade and military roads that ran across Slovene territory from Italy to Pannonia. In the 5th and 6th centuries, the area was exposed to invasions by the Huns and Germanic tribes during their incursions into Italy. After the departure of the last Germanic tribe – the Lombards – to Italy in 568, the Slavs from the East began to dominate the area. After the successful resistance against the nomadic Asian Avars (from 623 to 626), the Slavic people united with King Samo’s tribal confederation. The confederation fell apart in 658 and the Slavic people, located in present-day Carinthia, formed the independent duchy of Carantania.[27]
[edit] Tags:Slovene,Si,Italy,Ljubljana,Slavic,Germanic,Menhir,Celtic,Illyrian,Krkavče,Prehistoric,Flute,Cerkno,Würm Glacial Age,Neanderthals,Bronze Age,Iron Age,Urnfield,Novo Mesto,Situlas,Romans,Pannonia,Roman Italia,Emona,Poetovio,Celeia,Huns,Lombards,Slavs,Began To Dominate The Area,Avars,King Samo,Carinthia,Duchy Of Carantania,Istria, | |
| The Middle Ages to Early Modern Period | |
| 3>
The installation of the Dukes in Carinthia, carried out in an ancient ritual in Slovene until 1414.
In the mid-8th century, Carantania became a vassal duchy under the rule of the Bavarians, who began spreading Christianity. Three decades later, the Carantanians were incorporated, together with the Bavarians, into the Carolingian Empire. During the same period Carniola, too, came under the Franks, and was Christianized from Aquileia. Following the anti-Frankish rebellion of Ljudevit Posavski at the beginning of the 9th century, the Franks removed the Carantanian princes, replacing them with their own border dukes. Consequently, the Frankish feudal system reached the Slovene territory.
The Freising Manuscripts, dating from the 10th century, most probably written in upper Carinthia, are the oldest surviving documents in Slovene.
The Magyar invasion of the Pannonian Plain in the late 9th century effectively isolated the Slovene-inhabited territory from western Slavs. Thus, the Slavs of Carantania and of Carniola began developing into an independent Slovene ethnic group. After the victory of Emperor Otto I over the Magyars in 955, Slovene territory was divided into a number of border regions of the Holy Roman Empire. Carantania, being the most important, was elevated into the Duchy of Carinthia in 976. In the late Middle Ages the historic provinces of Carniola, Styria, Carinthia, Gorizia, Trieste and Istria developed from the border regions and incorporated into the medieval German state. The consolidation and formation of these historical lands took place in a long period between the 11th and 14th century being led by a number of important feudal families such as the Dukes of Spannheim, the Counts of Gorizia, the Counts of Celje and finally the House of Habsburg. In a parallel process, an intensive German colonization significantly diminished the extent of Slovene-speaking areas; by the 15th century, the Slovene ethnic territory was reduced to its present size.[27]
In the 14th century, most of the territory of Slovenia was taken over by the Habsburgs. The counts of Celje, a feudal family from this area who in 1436 acquired the title of state counts, were their powerful competitors for some time. This large dynasty, important at a European political level, had its seat in Slovene territory but died out in 1456. Its numerous large estates subsequently became the property of the Habsburgs, who retained control of the area right up until the beginning of the 20th century.
At the end of the Middle Ages, the Slovene Lands suffered a serious economic and demographic setback because of the Turkish raids. In 1515, a peasant revolt spread across nearly the whole Slovene territory and in 1572-3 the Croatian-Slovenian peasant revolt wrought havoc throughout the wider region. Uprisings, which often met with bloody defeats, continued throughout the 17th century.[27]
[edit] Tags:Euro,Eur,Croatia,Roman Empire,Holy Roman Empire,Bavarians,Spreading Christianity,Carantanians,Carolingian Empire,Carniola,Aquileia,Ljudevit Posavski,Franks,Feudal System,Freising Manuscripts,Magyar,Pannonian Plain,Western Slavs,Slavs Of Carantania,Otto I,Magyars,Duchy Of Carinthia,Styria,Gorizia,Trieste,Dukes Of Spannheim,Counts Of Gorizia,Counts Of Celje,House Of Habsburg,Slovene Ethnic Territory, | |
| Reformation and development of national identity | |
| 3>
Protestant preacher Primož Trubar, author of the first book in Slovene
The first mentions of a common Slovene ethnic identity, transcending regional boundaries, date from the 16th century,[28] when the Protestant Reformation spread throughout the Slovene Lands. During this period, the first books in Slovene were written by the Protestant preacher Primož Trubar and his followers, establishing the base for the development of standard Slovene. In the second half of the 16th century, numerous books were printed in Slovene, including an integral translation of the Bible by Jurij Dalmatin.
At the beginning of the 17th century, Protestantism was suppressed by the Habsburg-sponsored Counter Reformation, which introduced the new aesthetics of Baroque culture. The Enlightenment in the Habsburg monarchy brought significant social and cultural progress to the Slovene people. It hastened economic development and facilitated the appearance of a middle class. Under the reign of Maria Theresa and Emperor Joseph II (1765–1790) many reforms were undertaken in the administration and society, including land reforms, the modernization of the Church and compulsory primary education in Slovene (1774). The start of cultural-linguistic activities by Slovene intellectuals of the time brought about a national revival and the birth of the Slovene nation in the modern sense of the word. Before the Napoleonic Wars, some secular literature in Slovene emerged. During the same period, the first history of the Slovene Lands as an ethnic unity was written by Anton Tomaž Linhart, while Jernej Kopitar compiled the first comprehensive grammar of Slovene.[27]
Peter Kozler's map of the Slovene Lands, designed during the Spring of Nations in 1848, became the symbol of the quest for a United Slovenia.
Between 1809 and 1813, Slovenia was part of the Illyrian Provinces, an autonomous province of the Napoleonic French Empire, with Ljubljana as the capital. Although the French rule was short-lived, it significantly contributed to the raise of national consciousness and political awareness of the Slovenes. After the fall of Napoleon, all Slovene Lands were once again included in the Austrian Empire. Gradually, a distinct Slovene national consciousness developed, and the quest for a political unification of all Slovenes became widespread. In the 1820s and 1840s, the interest in Slovene language and folklore grew enormously, with numerous philologists advancing the first steps towards a standardization of the language. Illyrian movement, Pan-Slavic and Austro-Slavic ideas gained importance. However, the intellectual circle around the philologist Matija Čop and the Romantic poet France Prešeren was influential in affirming the idea of Slovene linguistic and cultural individuality, refusing the idea of merging the Slovenes into a wider Slavic nation.
In 1848, a mass political and popular movement for the United Slovenia (Zedinjena Slovenija) emerged as part of the Spring of Nations movement within the Austrian Empire. Slovene activists demanded a unification of all Slovene-speaking territories in a unified and autonomous Slovene kingdom within the Austrian Empire. Although the project failed, it served as an almost undisputed platform of Slovene political activity in the following decades. In 1867, Slovene nationalist representatives gained a majority of votes in the Carniolan provincial elections. In the same year, the Austro-Hungarian monarchy was established by splitting the Austrian Empire into two parts. Most of the territory of present-day Slovenia remained in the Austrian part of the monarchy, while Prekmurje was included in the Hungarian part. By the end of the 19th century industry had developed considerably in Slovenia and the population had become as socially differentiated as in other European nations.
At the turn of the 20th century, hundreds of thousands of Slovenes emigrated to other countries, mostly to the United States, but also to South America, Germany, Egypt, and to larger cities in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, especially Zagreb and Vienna. It has been calculated that around 300,000 Slovenes emigrated between 1880 and 1910, which means that one in six Slovenes left their homeland.
[edit] Tags:Slovenes,Austro-hungarian Empire,Hungarian,Austria,Habsburg Monarchy,Protestantism, | |
| World War I and the Creation of Yugoslavia | |
| 3>
Rudolf Maister, who liberated Maribor in November 1918, and declared the unification of Lower Styria with the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
World War I resulted in heavy casualties for Slovenia, particularly on the bloody Soča front in Slovenia's western border area. In 1917, after the Battle of Caporetto ended the fighting on Austro-Hungarian (Slovenian) soil, the political life in Austria-Hungary resumed. The Slovene People's Party launched a movement for self-determination, demanding the creation of a semi-independent South Slavic state under Habsburg rule. The proposal was picked up by most Slovene parties, and a mass mobilization of Slovene civil society, known as the Declaration Movement, followed.[29] This proposal was rejected by the Austrian political elites, but following the dissolution of Austro-Hungarian Empire in the aftermath of the war, a National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs took power in Zagreb on 6 October 1918. On 29 October independence was declared by the Croatian parliament and by a national gathering in Ljubljana, declaring the establishment of the new State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. The new state merged with Serbia to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes on 1 December 1918, renamed to Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. Following a plebiscite in October 1920, Slovene-speaking southern Carinthia was ceded to Austria. The western parts of the Slovene Lands (the Slovenian Littoral and western districts of Inner Carniola) were occupied by the Italian Army, and officially annexed to the Kingdom of Italy with the Treaty of Rapallo in 1920.[30] With the Treaty of Trianon, on the other hand, Yugoslavia was awarded the Slovene-inhabited Prekmurje region, which had belonged to Hungary since the 10th century. Slovenes in Italy, Austria, and Hungary, became victims of State policies of forced assimilation and sometimes violent persecution. In the Italian Julian March administrative region, several violent actions were directed against the Slovene communities between 1918 and 1922, both by the mob and by ultra-nationalist militias. After 1922, a policy of violent Fascist Italianization was implemented, triggering the reaction of local Slovenes and Istrian Croats. In 1927, the militant anti-Fascist organization TIGR was founded, which co-ordinated the Slovene resistance against Italian rule until its dismantlement by the Fascist secret police in 1941.
After 1918, Slovenia became one of the main industrial centers of Yugoslavia. Already in 1919, the industrial production in Slovenia was four times greater than in Serbia, and twenty-two times greater than in Yugoslav Macedonia. The interwar period brought a further industrialization in Slovenia, with a rapid economic growth in the 1920s followed by a relatively successful economic adjustment to the 1929 economic crisis.
[edit] Tags:Yugoslavia,Italian,Hungary, | |
| World War II | |
| 3>
Adolf Hitler and Martin Bormann visiting occupied Maribor in April 1941, officially launching the Nazi anti-Slovene policies
After the invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, Slovenia was occupied by German Nazis, Italian Fascists and their Hungarian collaborators while some villages in south-eastern Slovenia were annexed by the Independent State of Croatia.
Slovenes subjected to Fascist Italianization since the Treaty of Rapallo have had already experienced Fascist brutality, personified by Lojze Bratuž, a Slovene choirmaster who led several Slovene language church choirs, being tortured and forced to drink petrol and engine oil because he resisted the italianization of Slovenian names and surnames by Fascist Italy,[31] which begun as early as 1926[32][33]
Slovenes under Fascist Italy (in western part of nowadays Slovenia)[34] and Carinthian Slovenes[35] not included, it was between 20,000 and 25,000 thousand Slovenes that were killed by Nazi-fascists (counting only civilian victims) Tags: | |
zote monety |