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| Etymology | |
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The Siberian is a native cat of Siberia; it is also the national cat of Russia
Some sources say that the word Siberia originates from the Turkic for "sleeping land". Another version is that this name was the ancient tribal name of the Sabirs, Turkic nomads later assimilated to Siberian Tatars. The modern usage of the name appeared in the Russian language after the conquest of the Siberian Khanate.[2]
[edit] Tags:Russian,Turkic,Sabirs,Russia, | |
| History | |
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Main articles: History of Siberia and Explorers of Siberia
The Siberian Traps were formed by one of the largest known volcanic events of the last 500 million years of Earth's geological history. The event continued for a million years and is considered the likely cause of the "Great Dying" about 250 million years ago,[3] which is estimated to have killed 90% of species existing at the time.[4]
The tower of ostrog, a 17th-century Russian fort, in Yakutsk.
At least three species of humans lived in southern Siberia around 40,000 years ago: H. sapiens, H. neanderthalensis, and an unknown type of hominin, nicknamed "Woman X" for the time being.[5]
Siberia was occupied by differing groups of nomads such as the Yenets, the Nenets, the Huns, the Iranian Scythians, and the Turkic Uyghurs. The Khan of Sibir in the vicinity of modern Tobolsk was known as a prominent figure who endorsed Kubrat as Khagan in Avaria in 630. The Mongols conquered a large part of this area early in the 13th century. With the breakup of the Golden Horde, the autonomous Siberia Khanate was established in late 14th century. The Yakuts migrated north from their original area of settlement in the vicinity of Lake Baikal under the pressure of the Mongol expansion during the 13th to 15th century.[6]
The growing power of Russia to the west began to undermine the Siberian Khanate in the 16th century. First, groups of traders and Cossacks began to enter the area, and then the Russian army began to set up forts further and further east. Towns like Mangazeya, Tara, Yeniseysk, and Tobolsk sprang up, the last being declared the capital of Siberia. At this time, Sibir was the name of a fortress at Qashlik, near Tobolsk. Gerardus Mercator in a map published in 1595 marks Sibier both as the name of a settlement and of the surrounding territory along a left tributary of the Ob.[7]
By the mid-17th century, the Russian-controlled areas had been extended to the Pacific. The total Russian population of Siberia in 1709 was 230,000.[8]
Siberia remained a mostly undocumented and sparsely populated area. During the following few centuries, only a few exploratory missions and traders entered Siberia. The other group that was sent to Siberia consisted of prisoners exiled from western Russia or Russian-held territories like Poland (see katorga). In the 19th century, around 1.2 million prisoners had been sent to Siberia.[9]
Siberian Cossack family in Novosibirsk.
The first great modern change to Siberia was the Trans-Siberian railway, constructed in 1891–1916. It linked Siberia more closely to the rapidly-industrializing Russia of Nicholas II. From 1801 to 1914, an estimated 7 million settlers moved from European Russia to Siberia, 85% during the quarter-century before World War I.[10] From 1859 to 1917, over half a million people moved to the Russian Far East.[11] Siberia is filled with natural resources and during the 20th century large scale exploitation of these was developed, and industrial towns cropped up throughout the region.[12]
In the times of the Soviet Union, the earlier katorga system of penal labor camps was replaced by the new one, administered by the GULAG state agency.[13] According to official Soviet estimates, more than 14 million people passed through the Gulag from 1929 to 1953, with a further 7 to 8 million being deported and exiled to remote areas of the Soviet Union (including entire nationalities in several cases).[14] 516,841 prisoners died in camps from 1941 to 1943[15] due to food shortages caused by World War II. At other periods, mortality was comparatively lower.[16] The size, scope, and scale of the GULAG slave labor camp system remains a subject of much research and debate; for example, Australian professor Stephen Wheatcroft argues that these penal camps were neither as large nor as deadly as is often claimed.[17] Many Gulag camps were positioned in extremely remote areas of north-eastern Siberia. The best known clusters are Sevvostlag (The North-East Camps) along Kolyma river and Norillag near Norilsk, where 69,000 prisoners were kept in 1952.[18] Major industrial cities of the Northern Siberia, such as Norilsk and Magadan, were originally camps built by prisoners and run by ex-prisoners.[19]
[edit] Tags:Region,Soviet Union,Pacific,Earth's Geological History,Great Dying,Ostrog,H. Sapiens,H. Neanderthalensis,Hominin,Woman X,Yenets,Nenets,Huns,Iranian,Scythians,Uyghurs,Tobolsk,Kubrat,Avaria,Golden Horde,Autonomous,Yakuts,Lake Baikal,Cossacks,Mangazeya,Tara,Yeniseysk,Gerardus Mercator,Poland,Nicholas Ii,World War I,Russian Far East,Katorga,Gulag,Deported And Exiled,World War Ii,Sevvostlag,Kolyma,Norillag,Norilsk,Magadan,Ob,Kolyma River,Gold,Earth,History, | |
| Geography | |
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Gulf of Ob
Novaya Zemlya
Kara Sea
Yenisei
Ob
Taymyr Peninsula
Severnaya Zemlya
Arctic Ocean
Central Siberian Plateau
Siberian Federal District
Lena
Sakha Republic
Laptev Sea
New Siberian Islands
Kolyma
Verkhoyansk Range
Urals Federal District
Kazakhstan
Ob
Irtysh
Altai
Tian Shan
Syr Darya
Taklamakan
Himalayas
Pamir
Hindukush
Tibetan
Lake Baikal
Mongolia
Gobi
North China Plain
Yangtze Plain
Plateau
Stanovoy Range
Manchuria
Korea
Sakhalin
Amur
Sea of Okhotsk
Japan
Pacific Ocean
Physical map of Northern Asia.
Altai, Lake Kutsherla in the Altai Mountains.
The peninsula of Svyatoy Nos, Lake Baikal
Koryaksky volcano towering over Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky on Kamchatka Peninsula.
Further information: Geography of Russia
With an area of 13.1 million km² (5.1 million square miles), Siberia makes up roughly 77% of the total area of Russia. Major geographical zones include the West Siberian Plain and the Central Siberian Plateau. Siberia covers almost 10% of Earth's land surface (14,894,000 km²).
Eastern and central Sakha comprise numerous north-south mountain ranges of various ages. These mountains extend up to almost three thousand metres in elevation, but above a few hundred metres they are almost completely devoid of vegetation. The Verkhoyansk Range was extensively glaciated in the Pleistocene, but the climate was too dry for glaciation to extend to low elevations. At these low elevations are numerous valleys, many of them deep, and covered with larch forest except in the extreme north, where tundra dominates. Soils are mainly Turbels and the active layer tends to be less than one metre deep except near rivers.
The highest point in Siberia is the active volcano Klyuchevskaya Sopka, on the Kamchatka Peninsula. Its peak is at 4,649 metres (15,253 ft).
[edit] Tags:Northern Asia,Arctic,Arctic Ocean,Kazakhstan,Mongolia,China,Gulf Of Ob,Novaya Zemlya,Kara Sea,Yenisei,Taymyr Peninsula,Severnaya Zemlya,Lena,Sakha Republic,Laptev Sea,Urals Federal District,Irtysh,Altai,Tian Shan,Syr Darya,Taklamakan,Himalayas,Pamir,Hindukush,Gobi,North China Plain,Yangtze Plain,Stanovoy Range,Manchuria,Korea,Sakhalin,Amur,Sea Of Okhotsk,Japan,Pacific Ocean,Altai Mountains,Koryaksky,Petropavlovsk-kamchatsky,Kamchatka Peninsula,Verkhoyansk Range,Volcano,Klyuchevskaya Sopka, | |
| Mountain ranges | |
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Altai Mountains
Anadyr Range
Baikal Mountains
Chamar-Daban
Chersky Range
Dzhugdzhur Mountains
Gydan Mountains
Koryak Mountains
Sayan Mountains
Tannu-Ola Mountains
Ural Mountains
Verkhoyansk Mountains
Yablonoi Mountains
[edit] Tags:Ural Mountains,Anadyr Range,Baikal Mountains,Chamar-daban,Chersky Range,Dzhugdzhur Mountains,Gydan Mountains,Koryak Mountains,Sayan Mountains,Tannu-ola Mountains,Verkhoyansk Mountains,Yablonoi Mountains, | |
| Lakes and rivers | |
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Anabar River
Angara River
Indigirka River
Irtysh River
Kolyma River
Lake Baikal
Lena River
Lower Tunguska River
Novosibirsk Reservoir
Ob River
Popigay River
Stony Tunguska River
Upper Angara River
Uvs Nuur
Yana River
Yenisei River
[edit] Tags:Anabar River,Angara River,Indigirka River,Irtysh River,Lena River,Lower Tunguska River,Novosibirsk Reservoir,Ob River,Popigay River,Stony Tunguska River,Upper Angara River,Uvs Nuur, | |
| Geology | |
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The West Siberian Plain consists mostly of Cenozoic alluvial deposits and is somewhat low-lying. Many of the deposits on this plain result from ice dams; having reversed the flow of the Ob and Yenisei Rivers, so redirecting them into the Caspian Sea (perhaps the Aral as well). It is very swampy and soils are mostly peaty Histosols and, in the treeless northern part, Histels. In the south of the plain, where permafrost is largely absent, rich grasslands that are an extension of the Kazakh Steppe formed the original vegetation (almost all cleared now).
The Central Siberian Plateau is an extremely ancient craton (sometimes named Angaraland) that formed an independent continent before the Permian (see Siberia (continent)). It is exceptionally rich in minerals, containing large deposits of gold, diamonds, and ores of manganese, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt and molybdenum. Much of the area includes the Siberian Traps which is a large igneous province. The massive eruptive period was approximately coincident with the Permian–Triassic extinction event. The volcanic event is said to be the largest known volcanic eruption in Earth's history. Only the extreme northwest was glaciated during the Quaternary, but almost all is under exceptionally deep permafrost and the only tree that can thrive, despite the warm summers, is the deciduous Siberian Larch (Larix sibirica) with its very shallow roots. Outside the extreme northwest, the taiga is dominant; in fact, taiga covers a significant fraction of the entirety of Siberia.[21] Soils here are mainly Turbels, giving way to Spodosols where the active layer becomes thicker and the ice content lower.
[edit] Tags: | |
| Climate | |
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polar desert tundra alpine tundra taiga montane forest
temperate broadleaf forest temperate steppe dry steppe
Vegetation in Siberia is mostly taiga, with a tundra belt on the northern fringe, and a temperate forest zone in the south.
The climate of Siberia varies dramatically. On the north coast, north of the Arctic Circle, there is a very short (about one-month-long) summer.
Taiga near Lake Baikal
Almost all the population lives in the south, along the Trans-Siberian Railway. The climate in this southernmost part is Humid continental climate (Koppen Dfb) with cold winters but fairly warm summers lasting at least 4 months. Annual average is about 0.5 °C (32.9 °F), January averages about −15 °C (5 °F) and July about 19 °C (66 °F), while daytime temperatures in summer typically are above 20 °C.[22][23] With a reliable growing season, an abundance of sunshine and exceedingly fertile chernozem soils, Southern Siberia is good enough for profitable agriculture, as was proven in the early twentieth century.
The by far most common climate in Siberia is continental subarctic (Koppen Dfc or Dwc), with the annual average temperature about −5 °C (23 °F) and roughly −25 °C (−13 °F) average in January and 17 °C (63 °F) in July,[24] although this varies considerably, with July average about 10 °C at the taiga–tundra ecotone.
Southwesterly winds bring warm air from Central Asia and the Middle East. The climate in West Siberia (Omsk, Novosibirsk) is several degrees warmer than in the East (Irkutsk, Chita), where in the north an extreme winter subarctic climate (Köppen Dfd or Dwd) prevails. With a lowest record temperature of −71.2 °C (−96.2 °F), Oymyakon (Sakha Republic) has the distinction of being the coldest town on Earth. But summer temperatures in other regions reach 38 °C (100 °F). In general, Sakha is the coldest Siberian region, and the basin of the Yana River has the lowest temperatures of all, with permafrost reaching 1,493 metres (4,898 ft). Nevertheless, as far as Imperial Russian plans of settlement were concerned, cold was never viewed as an issue. In the winter, southern Siberia sits near the center of the semi-permanent Siberian High, so winds are usually light in the winter.
Precipitation in Siberia is generally low, exceeding 500 millimetres (20 in) only in Kamchatka where moist winds flow from the Sea of Okhotsk onto high mountains – producing the region's only major glaciers, though the volcanic eruptions, and low summer temperatures allow limited forests to grow. Precipitation is high also in most of Primorye in the extreme south where monsoonal influences can produce quite heavy summer rainfall. Despite the region's notorious cold winters, snowfall is generally quite light, especially in the eastern interior of the region.
Climate data for Novosibirsk, Siberia's largest city
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high °C (°F)
−12.2
(10.0)
−10.3
(13.5)
−2.6
(27.3)
8.1
(46.6)
17.5
(63.5)
24.0
(75.2)
25.7
(78.3)
22.2
(72.0)
16.6
(61.9)
6.8
(44.2)
−2.9
(26.8)
−8.9
(16.0)
7.0
(44.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)
−16.2
(2.8)
−14.7
(5.5)
−7.2
(19.0)
3.2
(37.8)
11.6
(52.9)
18.2
(64.8)
20.2
(68.4)
17.0
(62.6)
11.5
(52.7)
3.4
(38.1)
−6
(21.2)
−12.7
(9.1)
2.4
(36.3)
Average low °C (°F)
−20.1
(−4.2)
−19.1
(−2.4)
−11.8
(10.8)
−1.7
(28.9)
5.6
(42.1)
12.3
(54.1)
14.7
(58.5)
11.7
(53.1)
6.4
(43.5)
0.0
(32.0)
−9.1
(15.6)
−16.4
(2.5)
−2.3
(27.9)
Precipitation mm (inches)
19
(0.75)
14
(0.55)
15
(0.59)
24
(0.94)
36
(1.42)
58
(2.28)
72
(2.83)
66
(2.6)
44
(1.73)
38
(1.5)
32
(1.26)
24
(0.94)
442
(17.4)
Source: [25]
Researchers, including Sergei Kirpotin at Tomsk State University and Judith Marquand at Oxford University, warn that Western Siberia has begun to thaw as a result of global warming. The frozen peat bogs in this region may hold billions of tons of methane gas, which may be released into the atmosphere. Methane is a greenhouse gas 22 times more powerful than carbon dioxide.[26] In 2008, a research expedition for the American Geophysical Union detected levels of methane up to 100 times above normal in the Siberian Arctic, likely being released by methane clathrates being released by holes in a frozen 'lid' of seabed permafrost, around the outfall of the Lena River and the area between the Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea.[27][28]
[edit] Tags: | |
| Borders and administrative division | |
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Map of the most populated area of Siberia with clickable city names (SVG).
Comparison of the nine biggest Siberian cities' growth in the 20th century.
The term "Siberia" has a long history. Its meaning has gradually changed during ages. Historically, Siberia was defined as the whole part of Russia to the east of Ural Mountains, including the Russian Far East. According to this definition, Siberia extended eastward from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific coast, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the border of Russian Central Asia and the national borders of both Mongolia and China.[29]
Soviet-era sources (Great Soviet Encyclopedia and others)[30] and modern Russian ones[31] usually define Siberia as a region extending eastward from the Ural Mountains to the watershed between Pacific and Arctic drainage basins, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and the national borders of both Mongolia and China. By this definition, Siberia includes the federal subjects of the Siberian Federal District, and some of the Urals Federal District, as well as Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, which is a part of the Far Eastern Federal District. Geographically, this definition includes subdivisions of several other subjects of Urals and Far Eastern federal districts, but they are not included administratively. This definition excludes Sverdlovsk Oblast and Chelyabinsk Oblast, both of which are included in some wider definitions of Siberia.
Other sources may use either a somewhat wider definition that states the Pacific coast, not the watershed, is the eastern boundary (thus including the whole Russian Far East)[32] or a somewhat narrower one that limits Siberia to the Siberian Federal District (thus excluding all subjects of other districts).[33] In Russian, the word for Siberia is never used as a substitute for the name of the federal district.
Federal subjects of Siberia (GSE)
subject
administrative center
Urals Federal District
Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Khanty-Mansiysk
Kurgan Oblast
Kurgan
Tyumen Oblast
Tyumen
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Salekhard
Siberian Federal District
Altai Krai
Barnaul
Altai Republic
Gorno-Altaysk
Buryat Republic
Ulan-Ude
Chita Oblast
Chita
Irkutsk Oblast
Irkutsk
Republic of Khakassia
Abakan
Kemerovo Oblast
Kemerovo
Krasnoyarsk Krai
Krasnoyarsk
Novosibirsk Oblast
Novosibirsk
Omsk Oblast
Omsk
Tomsk Oblast
Tomsk
Tuva Republic
Kyzyl
Far Eastern Federal District
Sakha (Yakutia) Republic
Yakutsk
Federal subjects of Siberia (in wide sense)
subject
administrative center
Far Eastern Federal District
Amur Oblast
Blagoveshchensk
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Anadyr
Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Birobidzhan
Kamchatka Krai
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
Khabarovsk Krai
Khabarovsk
Magadan Oblast
Magadan
Primorsky Krai
Vladivostok
Sakhalin Oblast
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
Urals Federal District
Chelyabinsk Oblast
Chelyabinsk
Sverdlovsk Oblast
Yekaterinburg
[edit] Tags:Watershed,Drainage Basins, | |
| Major cities | |
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Major cities include:
Barnaul
Irkutsk
Kemerovo
Krasnoyarsk
Novokuznetsk
Novosibirsk
Omsk
Tomsk
Tyumen
[edit] Tags: | |
| Economy | |
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Russia is a key oil and gas supplier to much of Europe.
Siberia is extraordinarily rich in minerals, containing ores of almost all economically valuable metals—largely because of the absence of Quaternary glaciation outside highland areas. It has some of the world's largest deposits of nickel, gold, lead, coal, molybdenum, gypsum, diamonds, diopside, silver and zinc, as well as extensive unexploited resources of oil and natural gas. The Khanty-Mansiysk region is home to 70% of Russia's developed oil fields.[34] Russia contains about 40% of the world's known resources of nickel at the Norilsk deposit in Siberia. Norilsk Nickel is the world's biggest nickel and palladium producer.[35]
Agriculture is severely restricted by the short growing season of most of the region. However, in the southwest where soils are exceedingly fertile black earths and the climate is a little more moderate, there is extensive cropping of wheat, Tags: | |
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