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| Terminology | |
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Painting of Muslims praying in Cairo, Egypt, in 1865
"Salah" is an Arabic word whose basic meaning is "connection". In its English usage the reference of the word is almost always confined to the Muslim formal, obligatory prayer described in this article.
Translating "salah" as "prayer" is not usually considered precise enough, as "prayer" can indicate several different ways of relating to God. In the past salah has been called "the contact prayer", "the obligatory prayer", "the formal prayer", and so on, but normal academic practice in English is now to refer to the prayer by the Arabic term.
Muslims themselves use several terms to refer to salah depending on their language or culture. In many parts of the world, including many non-Arab countries such as Indonesia, the Arabic term salah is used. The other major term is namāz (نماز), used by speakers of the Indo-Iranian languages (e.g., Persian, Bengali, Urdu) and South Slavic, Albanian and Turkic languages. The related Pashto term lmunz (لمونځ) is used by Pashtuns. (namāz and lmunz are derivated from the Sanskrit नमस् namas, meaning 'to bow or prostrate'.) In the south Indian language Malayalam, the term Niskaaram or Namaskaaram is used; which means to pray.
[edit] Tags:Arabic,Muslims,Edit,Cairo,Egypt,Indonesia,نماز,Indo-iranian Languages,Persian,Bengali,Urdu,South Slavic,Albanian,Turkic Languages,Pashto,لمونځ,Pashtuns,Sanskrit,Malayalam, | |
| Purpose and importance | |
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Bosnian Muslims praying, ca. 1906
The chief purpose of prayer in Islam is to act as a person's communication with God. By reciting "The Opening", the first chapter of the Qur'an, as required in all prayer, the worshipper can stand before God, thank and praise Him, and to ask for guidance along the Straight Path.
In addition, the daily prayers remind Muslims to give thanks for Allah's blessings and that Islam takes precedence over all other concerns, thereby revolving their life around Allah and submitting to His will. Prayer also serves as a formal method of remembering Allah, or dhikr [1].
In the Qur'an, it is written that: "The true believers are those who feel fear in their hearts when God is mentioned. And when His Revelations are recited to them, they find their faith strengthened. They do their best and then put their trust in their Lord." [Quran 8:2]
"To those whose hearts, when God is mentioned, are filled with fear, who show patient perseverance over their afflictions, keep up regular prayer, and spend (in charity) out of what we have bestowed upon them." [Quran 22:35]
Prayer is also cited as a means of restraining a believer from social wrongs and moral deviancy. [Quran 29:45] According to a hadith in the collection Sahih Bukhari, the prophet Muhammad considered salah "the best deed".[3]
The Ahadith provide further details; as for example, when the Qur'an refers to three daily prayers (suras 11:114; 17:78–79; 30:17–18 and possibly 24:58), while the five daily prayers stipulated by the later Ahadith have been adopted by Muslims.[4][not in citation given]
Abu Huraira RadiyAllahu `anhu narrates that once Muhammad asked his companions, 'Do you think that dirt can remain on a person bathing five times a day in a brook running in front of his door?' 'No', replied the companions, 'No dirt can remain on his body.' Muhammad remarked: 'So, exactly similar is the effect of salat offered five times a day. With the grace of Allah, it washes away all the sins'.(Bukhari, Muslim)
Abu Umamah narrates that the Muhammad said, "Allah does not Listen to anything from His servant as He does to the two rakahs (of prayer) that he offers. Mercy descends over the servant's head as long as he remains in prayer." (Tirmidhi and Ahmad) As-Suyuti considers it sahih."
In Al-Muwatta, Imam Malik ibn Anas says: "It reached me that the Prophet said: '(Try to) keep to the straight path although you won't be able to do so completely; and know that the best of your deeds is salah, and only a (true) believer preserves his wudhu.'"
Abu Zar RadiyAllahu `anhu narrates that once Muhammad came out of his house. It was autumn and the leaves were falling off the trees. He caught a branch of a tree and its leaves began to drop in large number. At this he remarked, 'O, Abu Zar! when a Muslim offers his salat to please Allah, his sins are shed away from him just as these leaves are falling off this tree.'(Ahmad)
Sabrah bin Ma'bad Al-Juhani reported: Muhammad said, "Teach a boy Salat when he attains the age of seven years, and punish him (if he does not offer it) at ten." (Abu Dawood)
Abu Huraira narrated: Muhammad said, "The angels keep on asking Allah's forgiveness for anyone of you, as long as he is at his Mu,salla (praying place) and he does not pass wind (Hadath). They say, 'O Allah! Forgive him, O Allah! be Merciful to him." (Sahih Al-Bukhari, Volume 1, Book 8, Hadith #436)
Hasan ibn Ali narrates that Muhammad stated: "He who recites Ayatul Kursi after obligatory salat, is in the protection of Allah til the next salat." from Tabarani, Majma uz-Zuwaid
Umm Farwah narrates that Muhammad asked which is the best of the good deeds. He said, "To offer Salat at the beginning of its prescribed time." From Abu Dawood
Abu Hurairah narrates that Muhammad said, "The first row of salat amongst the men is most rewarding and the last is the least; whereas the last rows of salat amongst the women are most rewarding and the first the least." from Muslim
Uthman bin Affan narrates that Muhammad said, "He who performed wudhu for salat and performed it properly and then went on foot to offer the obligatory salat and offered it along with the people or in congregation or in the masjid, Allah would forgive his sins." from Muslim
Abu Darda narrates that Muhammad said, "If three persons in a village or a forest do not offer the congregational salat, then shaitan fully overpowers them. So make it obligatory on yourself to offer salat in congregation. For undoubtedly the wolf eats only the stray goat." from Abu Dawood....
[edit] Tags:Islam,The Opening,Qur'an,Straight Path,Hadith,Sahih Bukhari,Ahadith,Bukhari,Tirmidhi,Sahih,Al-muwatta,Malik Ibn Anas,Hasan Ibn Ali, | |
| Differences in practice | |
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The prayers (salat) practiced by one Muslim may differ from another's in minor details, which can affect the precise actions and words involved. Differences arise because of different interpretations of the Islamic legal sources by the different schools of law (madhhabs) in Sunni Islam, and by different legal traditions within Shi'ism. In the case of prayers these differences are generally minor, and do not necessarily cause dispute.[5] It is important to note the reason why Sunni Muslims have a basic agreement on the necessary part of the Prayer. Muslims believe that the Prophet Muhammad practiced, taught, and disseminated the worship ritual in the whole community of Muslims and made it part of their life. The practice has, therefore, been concurrently and perpetually practiced by the community in each of the generations. The authority for the basic forms of the prayers is neither the hadiths nor the Qur'an, but rather the consensus of Muslims.[6] Differences also occur due to optional (recommended rather than obligatory) articles of prayer procedure, for example, which verses of the Qur'an to recite.
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| Conditions | |
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View of the prayer hall of the Great Mosque of Kairouan (also called the Mosque of Uqba) considered as the oldest mosque in the Western Islamic World.[7] At the bottom of the central nave of the prayer hall there is a niche (the mihrab) indicating the qibla. The Great Mosque of Kairouan is located in the city of Kairouan in Tunisia.
The compulsory prayer is obligatory for those who meet these three conditions:[8]
are Muslim
are of sound mind
are adult and have reached puberty (beginning at age seven is recommended).[9]
There are five elements that make a prayer valid:[8]
Confidence of the time of prayer. Being unsure invalidates even if the time turns out correct.[citation needed]
Facing the qibla, with the chest facing the direction of the Ka'ba. The ill and the old are allowed leniency with posture.
Covering the awrah [10]
Clean clothes, body, place of prostration.
Ritual purity (wudu, tayammum, ghusl)
Praying in front of a sutrah.[11]
The place of prayer should be clean. In a few cases where blood is leaving the body, Salah is forbidden until a later time. Women are not allowed to prayer during their menses nor for a period after childbirth, and this gave rise to a quote of Muhammad's "Isn't it true that a woman can neither pray nor fast during her menses?"[12][13][14]
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| Cleanliness and dress | |
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Islam advises that the prayers be performed in a ritually clean environment [Quran 5:6]. When praying, the clothes that are worn and the place of prayer must be clean. Both men and women are required to cover their bodies (awrah) in reasonably loose-fitting garments. The well-known adage or hadith by al-Nawawi that "purity is half the faith"[15] illustrates how Islam has incorporated and modified existing rules of purity in its religious system.
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| Ritual ablution | |
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Main articles: Wudu, Tayammum, and Ghusl
Before conducting prayers, a Muslim has to perform a ritual ablution.
The minor ablution is performed using water (wudhu), or sand (tayammum) when water is unavailable or not advisable to use for reasons such as illness.
Wudhu is performed by Muslims according to the instructions of God given in the Qur'an[Quran 5:6]:
"O you who believe! when you rise up to prayer, wash your faces and your hands as far as the elbows, and wipe your heads and your feet to the ankles; and if you are under an obligation to perform a total ablution, then wash (yourselves) and if you are sick or on a journey, or one of you come from the privy, or you have touched the women, and you cannot find water, betake yourselves to pure earth and wipe your faces and your hands therewith, Allah does not desire to put on you any difficulty, but He wishes to purify you and that He may complete His favor on you, so that you may be grateful."
More specifically wudhu is performed by Muslims by washing the hands, mouth, nose, arms, face, hair, ears,(often washing the hair is merely drawing the already wet hands from the fringe to the nape of the neck) and feet three times each in that order. (It is not obligatory to wash the hair three times, once is sufficient, and men must also wash their beards and mustaches when washing the face).
[edit] Tags:Ritual Ablution, | |
| Intention | |
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Main article: Niyyah
The person should be conscious and aware of the particular prayer that is being offered, whether it is obligatory, if it is a missed (qadha) prayer, performed individually or among the congregation, a shortened traveller's prayer etc. The explicit verbalization of this intention is not required, though it can be helpful. The person should think his prayer to be the Last Prayer so that he may perform the best he can.
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| How to pray | |
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Important positions during salat.
Main article: Raka'ah
Each prayer is made up of a repeating unit or cycle called a raka'ah. The number of raka'ahs for the five daily prayers can be found below. A basic raka'ah is made up of these parts.
[edit] Tags:Raka'ah, | |
| Standing | |
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A Muslim raises his hands to recite Takbeeratul-Ihram in prayer
Main article: Standing in salah
If this is the first raka'ah, the prayer is commenced by the saying of the takbir, which is الله أَكْبَر (transliteration "Allahu-akbar", meaning God is Greater). The hands are raised level with shoulders or level with top of the ears, with fingers apart and not spaced out or together. This is done before, with or after the takbir.[16][note 1]
Both arms are placed over the chest, with the right arm over the left.[17]
If this is the first raka'ah, a supplication praising God is said such as
Subhaanak-Allaahumma, wa biham-dika, wa tabaarakasmuka, wa ta'aalaa jadduka, wa laa ilaaha ghayruka.[18]
Muslims then ask refuge from God from such as A'oodhu billaahi min ash-Shaytaan-ir-Rajeem.[19]
The recitation of the Quran begins with Bismillaahir-Rahmaanir-Raheem.[20]
Surah Al-Fatiha is recited.[20]
If this is the first or second raka'ah, the recitation of Al-Fatiha is followed with a recitation from any other section from the Quran of choice.[21]
The takbeer is said again and the hands are raised as previously described and the next position, ruku', begins.[22]
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| Bowing | |
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Main article: Ruku'
The palms are placed on the knees, with finger spaced out. The back is erected at an angle at which poured water may not fall from it.[23]
Some of many types of remembrances of God are recited for this situation such as سبحان ربى العظيم (transliteration "Subhaana Rabbee al-'Azeem", meaning "Glory to my Lord, the Most Magnificent") three times or more.[24]
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| I'tidal | |
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I'tidal is the standing again after ruku'. The back is straightened and the hands are raised as in takbir as mentioned before but saying سمع الله لمن حمده (transliteration "Sami' Allaahu liman hamidah", meaning "Allah listens and responds to the one who praises him").[25]
Some of many praises to God are said for this situation such as ربنا لك الحمد (transliteration "Rabbanaa wa lakal-hamd", meaning "O our Lord! And all praise is for You").[26]
The takbir is said and the hands are either raised or do not raised as mentioned before as the next position, prostration, begins with hands on the ground before knees.[27]
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| Prostration | |
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Main article: Sajdah
Muslims in prostration
As much of the ground must be felt by the nose as the forehead. The elbows are raised and the palms are on level with either the shoulders or the ears, with fingers together.[28]
Some of many types of remembrances of God are recited for this situation such as سبحان ربى الأعلى و بحمده (transliteration "Subhaana Rabbee al-A' laa" meaning "Glory to my Lord, the Most High Most Praiseworthy") three times or more. [29]
The takbir is said again and the hands are either raiser or not raised as mentioned before while the next position, kneeling, begins. [30]
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| Sitting | |
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Main article: Sitting in salah
While sitting, either the left foot is placed along the ground with the right foot upright or both feet are kept upright.
Some of many types of remembrances are recited for this situation such as Rabbi-ghfirlee, Rabbi-ghfirlee (meaning "O my Lord, forgive me! O my Lord, forgive me!"). [31]
The takbir is said again and the hands are either raised or not raised as mentioned before as the second prostration begins.[30]
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| Second prostration | |
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Second prostrations are done exactly as the first time.[31]
The head is raised and the takbir is said again and the hands either raised or not raised as mentioned before. If this is either the second or last raka'ah, the sitting position begins again. Otherwise, the standing position begins again with the start of a new raka'ah.
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| Second sitting | |
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See also: Taslim
Performing the Taslim
Reciting the salam facing the right direction
Reciting the salam facing the left direction
If this is the second raka'ah, sitting is done as before. If this is not the second raka'ah, the left thigh is placed on the ground and both feet are protruding from the right side with the right foot either upright or along the ground. The left palm leans on the left knee.
The index finger is pointed towards the qibla.[32]
The tashahhud is recited, which is At-tahiyyatu lillahi was-salawatu wat-tayyibatu was-salamu 'alayka ayyuha Annabiyyu warahmatullahi wabarakatuhu Assalamu 'alayna wa 'ala `abadillahi assaliheena Ash-hadu anna la ilaha illa Allah Wa Ash-hadu anna Mohammmedan 'abduhu warasuluhu.
Shia version:Tashahhud Rule 1109 by Ayatullah Sistani,[33] In the second unit of all obligatory prayers, and in the third unit of Maghrib prayers and in the fourth unit of Zuhr, Asr and Isha prayers, one should sit after the second prostration with a tranquil body, and recite tashahhud thus: "Ash hadu an la ilaha illal lahu wahdahu la sharika lah, wa ash hadu anna Muhammadan 'Abduhu wa Rasuluh, Alla humma salli 'ala Muhammadin wa Ali Muhammad". And it will be sufficient if one recited the tashahhud this way: Ash hadu an la ilaha illal lahu was ash hadu anna Muhammadan Sallal lahu Alayhi Wa Aalihi Abduhu Wa rasuluh. It is also necessary to recite tashahhud while offering Witr (in Namaz-e-Shab) prayers. Salam in the prayers Rule 1114 by Ayatullah Sistani,[34] While a person sits after reciting tashahhud in the last Raka'at, and his body is tranquil, it is Mustahab to say: Assalamu 'alayka ayyuhan Nabiyyu wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh. Then he should say: Assalamu Alaykum and as a recommended precaution add to it Wa Rahmatullahi Wa Barakatuh. Alternatively, he can say: Assalamu Alayna Wa Ala Ibadi llahis Salihin. But if he recites this Salam, then as per obligatory precaution, he must follow it up with saying: Assalamu Alaykum. Translation of Tashahhud and Salam[35] Al Hamdu lillah, Ash hadu an la ilaha illal lahu wahdahu la sharika lah (All praise is for Allah, and I testify that there is none worth worshipping except the Almighty Allah, Who is One and has no partner). Wa Ashhadu anna Muhammadan 'abduhu wa Rasuluh (And I testify that Muhammad is His servant and messenger). Alla humma salli 'ala Muhammadin wa Ali Muhammad. (O Allah! Send Your blessings on Muhammad and his progeny). Wa taqqabal shafa'atahu warfa' darajatahu (And accept his intercession, and raise his rank). Assalamu 'alayka ayyuhan Nabiyyu wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh (O Prophet! Allah's peace, blessings and grace be upon you!). Assalamu 'alayna wa 'ala 'ibadil lahis salihin (Allah's peace be on us, those offering prayers—and upon all pious servants of Allah). Assalamu 'alaykum wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh. (Allah's peace, blessings and grace be on you believers!)
Greetings for the Prophet Muhammad are recited, such as اللهم صلى على محمد وعلى آل محمد كما صليت على إبراهيم وعلى آل إبراهيم وبارك على محمد وعلى آل محمد كما باركت على إبراهيم وعلى آل إبراهيم فى العالمين إنك حميد مجيد (transliteration "Allaahumma salli 'alaa Sayidina Muhammadin wa 'alaa ali Sayidina Muhammadin Kamaa sallaita 'alaa Sayidina Ibraaheema wa 'alaa ali Sayidina Ibraaheema Innaka hameedun Majeed Alaahumma baarik 'ala Sayidina Muhammadin wa 'alaa ali Sayidina Muhammadin Kamaa baarakta 'alaa Sayidina Ibraaheema wa 'alaa ali Sayidina Ibraaheema Innaka hameedun Majeed," meaning "O Allah, bless our Muhammad and the people of Muhammad as you have blessed Abraham and the people of Abraham. O Allah, be gracious unto Muhammad and the people of Muhammad As you were gracious unto Abraham and the people of Abraham. Surely you are the Most Praiseworthy, the Most Glorious.")
If this is not the last raka'ah, a new raka'ah with standing up with the takbir and the hands are either raised or not raised as mentioned before.[31]
If this is the last raka'ah, the greetings of salam are said to the right such as السلام عليكم ورحمة الله (transliteration "As-Salaamu 'alaykum wa rahmatullaah," meaning "May Allaah grant you peace and security, and may His Mercy be upon you") and then similarly to the left.[36]
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