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| History | |
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Egyptian hieroglyph
tp
Phoenician
resh
Etruscan R
Greek
Rho
Later Etruscan R
The original Semitic letter may have been inspired by an Egyptian hieroglyph for tp, "head". It was used for /r/ by Semites because in their language, the word for "head" was rêš (also the name of the letter). It developed into Greek Ρ ῥῶ (rhô) and Latin R. It is likely that some Etruscan and Western Greek forms of the letter added the extra stroke to distinguish it from a later form of the letter P.
The minuscule (lower-case) form of r developed through several variations on the capital form. In handwriting it was common not to close the bottom of the loop but continue into the leg, saving an extra pen stroke. The loop-leg stroke shortened into the simple arc used today. Another minuscule, r rotunda (ꝛ), kept the loop-leg stroke but dropped the vertical stroke, although it fell out of use around the 18th century.
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| Usage | |
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See also: rhotic consonant, r-colored vowel, and guttural R
In science, the letter R is a symbol for the gas constant. Mathematicians use R or (an R in blackboard bold, displayed as ℝ in Unicode) for set of all real numbers.
R represents a rhotic consonant in many languages, as shown in the table below. The International Phonetic Alphabet uses several variations of the letter to represent the different rhotic consonants; [r] represents the alveolar trill.
Alveolar trill [r]
Listen
some dialects of British English or in emphatic speech, standard Dutch, Finnish, Galician, German in some dialects, Hungarian, Icelandic, Italian, Czech, Lithuanian, Latin, Norwegian, Polish, Catalan, Portuguese (traditional form), Romanian, Russian, Scots, Spanish and Albanian 'rr', Swedish, Welsh
Alveolar approximant [ɹ]
Listen
English (most varieties), Dutch in some Dutch dialects (in specific positions of words), Swedish, Portuguese in some dialects (in specific positions of words), Faroese, Sicilian
Alveolar flap / Alveolar tap [ɾ]
Listen
Portuguese, Catalan, Spanish and Albanian 'r', Turkish, Dutch, Italian, Venetian, Galician, Leonese
Voiced retroflex fricative [ʐ]
Listen
Spanish used as an allophone of /r/ in some South American accents; Standard Chinese (in pinyin); Vietnamese (southern dialects)
Retroflex approximant [ɻ]
Listen
some varieties of American English; Standard Chinese (in pinyin); and Gutnish
Retroflex flap [ɽ]
Listen
sometimes in Scottish English
Uvular trill [ʀ]
Listen
German stage standard; some Dutch dialects (in Brabant and Limburg, and some city dialects in The Netherlands), Swedish in Southern Sweden, Norwegian in western and southern parts
Voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]
Listen
German, Danish, French, some European Portuguese 'rr'
Voiceless uvular fricative [χ]
Listen
some Brazilian Portuguese 'rr'
Voiceless glottal fricative [h]
Listen
some Brazilian Portuguese 'rr'
Other languages may use the letter r in their alphabets (or Latin transliterations schemes) to represent rhotic consonants different from the alveolar trill. In Haitian Creole, it represents a sound so weak that it is often written interchangeably with w, e.g. Kweyol for Kreyol.
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| Shape | |
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The letter R is the only letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet in which the uppercase has a closed section and the lowercase does not.
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| Dog's letter | |
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The letter R is sometimes referred to as the littera canina (canine letter). This phrase has Latin origins: the Latin R was trilled to sound like a growling dog. A good example of a trilling R is the Spanish word for dog, perro.[2]
In William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, such a reference is made by Juliet's nurse in Act 2, scene 4, when she calls the letter R "the dog's name." The reference is also found in Ben Jonson's English Grammar.[3]
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| Related letters and other similar characters | |
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Ρ ρ/ϱ : Greek letter Rho
Р р : Cyrillic letter Er
Я я : Cyrillic letter Ya
ℛ : Script capital R
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| Computing codes | |
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character
R
r
Unicode name
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R
LATIN SMALL LETTER R
character encoding
decimal
hex
decimal
hex
Unicode
82
0052
114
0072
UTF-8
82
52
114
72
Numeric character reference
R
R
r
r
EBCDIC family
217
D9
153
99
ASCII 1
82
52
114
72
1 and all encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
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| Other representations | |
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NATO phonetic
Morse code
Romeo
·–·
Signal flag
Flag semaphore
Braille
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| References | |
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^ "R" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); "ar," op. cit.
^ "A Word A Day: Dog's letter". Wordsmith.org. http://wordsmith.org/words/dogs_letter.html. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
^ Shakespeare, William; Horace Howard Furness, Frederick Williams (1913). Romeo and Juliet. Lippincott. p. 189. http://books.google.com/books?id=Wj0OAAAAIAAJ.
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| External links | |
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Media related to R at Wikimedia Commons
The Wiktionary entry for R
The Wiktionary entry for r
v
d
e
The Letter "R"
General
The letter R
Rhotic consonants (R-like sounds)
Rhotic and non-rhotic accents
R-colored vowels
Guttural R
Linking and intrusive R
Pronunciations
Alveolar trill [r]
Alveolar approximant [ɹ]
Alveolar tap [ɾ]
Alveolar lateral flap [ɺ]
Retroflex approximant [ɻ]
Retroflex flap [ɽ]
Retroflex trill [ɽ͡r]
Uvular trill [ʀ]
Voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]
Labialized [ʋ]
Variations
ꝛ (R rotunda)
Ɍɍ
Ʀʀ
Ȑȑ
Ŕŕ
Ŗŗ
Řř
Ȓȓ
Ṙṙ
Ṛṛ
Ṝṝ
Ṟṟ
Rd
Rh
Rl
Rn
Rr
Rt
Rnd
ᚱ (Raidô)
ℛ (Riemann integral)
ℜ (Real part)
ℝ (Real number)
® (Registered trademark symbol)
Ⓡ (Enclosed R)
℞ (Medical prescription)
The ISO basic Latin alphabet
v
d
e
Aa
Bb
Cc
Dd
Ee
Ff
Gg
Hh
Ii
Jj
Kk
Ll
Mm
Nn
Oo
Pp
Qq
Rr
Ss
Tt
Uu
Vv
Ww
Xx
Yy
Zz
Letter R with diacritics
Ŕŕ
Řř
Ṙṙ
Ŗŗ
Ȑȑ
Ȓȓ
Ṛṛ
Ṝṝ
Ṟṟ
Ɍɍ
Ɽɽ
ᵲ
ᶉ
ɼ
ɾ
ᵳ
Related
History
Palaeography
Derivations
Diacritics
Punctuation
Numerals
Unicode
List of letters
ISO/IEC 646
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R&oldid=473618323"
Categories: ISO basic Latin lettersHidden categories: Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pagesAll articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from July 2010Articles containing Ancient Greek language text
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