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| History | |
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Main article: History of the Portuguese language
Medieval
Portuguese poetry
Das que vejo
nom desejo
outra senhor se vós nom,
e desejo
tam sobejo,
mataria um leon,
senhor do meu coraçom:
fim roseta,
bela sobre toda fror,
fim roseta,
nom me meta
em tal coita voss'amor!
João Lobeira
(c. 1270–1330)
When Romans arrived in the Iberian Peninsula in 216 BC, they brought the Latin language, from which all Romance languages descend. The language was spread by arriving Roman soldiers, settlers, and merchants, who built Roman cities mostly near the settlements of previous civilizations.
Between AD 409 and 711, as the Roman Empire collapsed in Western Europe, the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Germanic peoples (Migration Period). The occupiers, mainly Suebi and Visigoths, quickly adopted late Roman culture and the Vulgar Latin dialects of the peninsula. After the Moorish invasion of 711, Arabic became the administrative language in the conquered regions, but most of the population continued to speak a form of Romance commonly known as Mozarabic. The influence exerted by Arabic on the Romance dialects spoken in the Christian kingdoms was mainly restricted to affecting their lexicon.
Portuguese evolved from the medieval language, known today by linguists as Galician-Portuguese or Old Portuguese or Old Galician, of the north-western medieval Kingdom of Galicia. It is in Latin administrative documents of the 9th century that written Galician-Portuguese words and phrases are first recorded. This phase is known as Proto-Portuguese, which lasted from the 9th century until the 12th-century independence of the County of Portugal from the Kingdom of Galicia, then a subkingdom of León. In the first part of Galician-Portuguese period (from the 12th to the 14th century), the language was increasingly used for documents and other written forms. For some time, it was the language of preference for lyric poetry in Christian Hispania, much as Occitan was the language of the poetry of the troubadours in France. Portugal became an independent kingdom in 1139, under king Afonso I of Portugal. In 1290, king Denis of Portugal created the first Portuguese university in Lisbon (the Estudos Gerais, later moved to Coimbra) and decreed that Portuguese, then simply called the "common language", be known as the Portuguese language and used officially.
In the second period of Old Portuguese, in the 15th and 16th centuries, with the Portuguese discoveries, the language was taken to many regions of Africa, Asia and the Americas. Nowadays, the great majority of Portuguese speakers live in Brazil, in South America, Portugal's biggest former colony. By the mid 16th century Portuguese had become a lingua franca in Asia and Africa, used not only for colonial administration and trade but also for communication between local officials and Europeans of all nationalities. Its spread was helped by mixed marriages between Portuguese and local people, and by its association with Roman Catholic missionary efforts, which led to the formation of a creole language called Kristang in many parts of Asia (from the word cristão, "Christian"). The language continued to be popular in parts of Asia until the 19th century. Some Portuguese-speaking Christian communities in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Indonesia preserved their language even after they were isolated from Portugal.
The end of the Old Portuguese period was marked by the publication of the Cancioneiro Geral by Garcia de Resende, in 1516. The early times of Modern Portuguese, which spans a period from the 16th century to the present day, were characterized by an increase in the number of learned words borrowed from Classical Latin and Classical Greek since the Renaissance, which greatly enriched the lexicon.
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| Geographic distribution | |
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Main article: Geographic distribution of Portuguese
Portuguese is the language of majority of people in Angola (80%),[9] Brazil,[10] Portugal,[11] and São Tomé and PrÃncipe (95%).[12] Although only 6.5 percent of the population are native speakers of Portuguese in Mozambique, the language is spoken by about 39.6% there according to the 1997 census.[13] It is also spoken by 11.5% of the population in Guinea-Bissau.[14] No data is available for Cape Verde, but almost all the population is bilingual, and the monolingual population speaks Cape Verdean Creole.
There are also significant Portuguese-speaking immigrant communities in many countries including Andorra (15.4%),[15] Australia,[16] Bermuda,[17] Canada (0.72% or 219,275 persons in the 2006 census[18] but between 400,000 and 500,000 according to Nancy Gomes),[19] Curaçao, France,[20] Japan,[21] Jersey,[22] Luxembourg (9%),[11] Namibia,[23] Paraguay (10.7% or 636,000 persons),[24] Macau (0.6% or 12,000 persons),[25] South Africa,[26] Switzerland (196,000 nationals in 2008),[27] Venezuela (1 to 2% or 254,000 to 480,000),[28] and the USA (0.24% of the population or 687,126 speakers according to the 2007 American Community Survey),[29] mainly in Connecticut,[30] Florida,[31] Massachusetts (where it is the second most spoken language in the state),[32] New Jersey,[33] New York[34] and Rhode Island.[35]
In some parts of what was Portuguese India, such as Goa[36] and Daman and Diu,[37] the language is still spoken.
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| Official status | |
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Main article: List of countries where Portuguese is an official language
Countries and regions where Portuguese has official status
The Community of Portuguese Language Countries[3] (with the Portuguese acronym CPLP) consists of the eight independent countries that have Portuguese as an official language: Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, East Timor, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Portugal and São Tomé and PrÃncipe.[3]
Equatorial Guinea made a formal application for full membership to the CPLP in June 2010 and should add Portuguese as its third official language (alongside Spanish and French) since this is one of the conditions. The President of Equatorial Guinea, Obiang Nguema Mbasog, and Prime-Minister Cheaf of State, Ignacio Milam Tang, have approved on July 20, 2011 the new Constitutional bill that intends to add Portuguese as an official language of the country. The bill is now waiting for ratification by the People's Representative Chamber and it shall come into force 20 days after its publication at the official state's gazette.[38][39][40]
Portuguese is also one of the official languages of the Chinese special administrative region of Macau (alongside Chinese) and of several international organizations, including the Mercosur,[41] the Organization of Ibero-American States,[42] the Union of South American Nations,[43] the Organization of American States,[44] the African Union[45] and the European Union.[46]
[edit] Tags:East Timor,List Of Countries Where Portuguese Is An Official Language,Official Language,Equatorial Guinea, | |
| Population of countries and jurisdictions of Portuguese official or co-official language | |
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According to statistical and credible data from each government and their statistical national bureaus the population of each of the nine jurisdictions is as follows (by descending order):
Brazil: 190,755,799 (definite results of the 2010 Census);[47]
Mozambique: 20,366,795 (definite results of the 2007 Census);[48][49]
Angola: 15,116,000 (government's estimate. Angola hasn't had a census counting for a few decades, the next one is scheduled for 2013);[50]
Portugal: 10,555,853 (preliminary results of the 2011 Census);[51][52]
Guinea-Bissau: 1,520,830 (definite results of the 2009 Census);[53]
East Timor: 1,066,582 (preliminary results of the 2010 Census);[54]
Macau: 558,100 (estimate of the DSEC of SAR Macau. The countings of the 2011 Census are now being made.[55][56][57]
Cape Verde: 491,575 (preliminary results of the 2010 Census);[58]
Sao Tome and Principe: 137,599 (results of the 2001 Census published in 2003)[59]
This means that the population living in the lusophone official area is of 240,569,133 inhabitants.
To this number there is yet to add the big diaspora of lusophone nations spread throughout the world, estimated in little less than 10 million people (4.5 million Portuguese, 3 million Brazilians, half a million Cape Verdeans, etc.) although it is hard to obtain official accurate numbers — including the percentage of this diaspora that can actually speak Portuguese, because a significative portion of these citizens are Portuguese or non-Portuguese citizens born outside of lusophone territory, descendants of immigrants, and who do not speak the language. It is also important to refer that a big part of these national diasporas is a part of the already counted population of the Portuguese-speaking countries and territories, like the high number of Brazilian and PALOP's emigrant citizens in Portugal, or the high number of Portuguese emigrant citizens in the PALOP's and Brazil.
So being, the Portuguese language serves daily little more than 240 million people, who have direct or indirect legal, juridic and social contact with it, varying from the only language used in any contact, to only education, contact with local or international administration, commerce and services or the simple sight of road signs, public information and advertising in Portuguese.
It's also noticeable the growing numbers of these countries and jurisdictions' population to raw numbers easily identified: Continental Portugal with 10 million speakers and Azores and Madeira counting already half a million together; Brazil reaches 190 million, Mozambique 20 million, Angola 15 million, Guinea-Bissau an accurate 1 and a half million, Cape Verde and Sao Tome and Principe count for half a million together as well, Macau reaches half a million and Timor reaches finally the group of countries with one million inhabitants leaving the list of thousands. These are recent and real numbers that individually and all together strengthen the lusophone identities and the Portuguese language on an international basis.
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| Portuguese as a foreign language | |
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The mandatory offering of Portuguese in school curricula is observed in Uruguay[60] and Argentina.[61] Other countries where Portuguese is taught at schools or is being introduced now include Venezuela,[62] Zambia,[63] Congo,[64] Senegal,[64] Namibia,[64] Swaziland,[64] Côte d'Ivoire,[64] and South Africa.[64]
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| Future | |
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According to estimates by UNESCO, Portuguese and Spanish are the fastest-growing European languages after English and the language has the highest potential for growth as an international language in southern Africa and South America.[65] The Portuguese-speaking African countries are expected to have a combined population of 83 million by 2050. In total, the Portuguese-speaking countries will have 335 million people by the same year.[65]
Since 1991, when Brazil signed into the economic market of Mercosur with other South American nations, such as Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, there has been an increase in interest in the study of Portuguese in those South American countries. The demographic weight of Brazil in the continent will continue to strengthen the presence of the language in the region.
Although early in the 21st century, after Macau was ceded to China, the use of Portuguese was in decline in Asia, it is once again becoming a language of opportunity there; mostly because of increased Chinese diplomatic and financial ties with Portuguese-speaking countries.[66]
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| Dialects | |
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Main article: Portuguese dialects
Modern Standard Portuguese (português padrão) is based on the Portuguese spoken in the area including and surrounding the city of Coimbra, in Central Portugal. Standard Portuguese is also the preferred standard by the Portuguese-speaking African countries, as such and despite the fact that its speakers are dispersed around the world, Portuguese has only two dialects used for learning: the European and the Brazilian. Some aspects and sounds found in dialects in Brazil are exclusive to South America, and cannot be found in Europe. However, the Santomean Portuguese in Africa may be confused with a Brazilian accent. Some aspects link some Brazilian accents with the ones spoken in Africa, such as the pronunciation of "menino", which is pronounced as [mininu] compared to [mɨninu] in Standard Portuguese. Dialects from inland Northern Portugal have significant similarities with Galician.
Audio samples of some dialects and accents of Portuguese are available below.[67] There are some differences between the areas but these are the best approximations possible.
Portuguese dialects of Angola
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| Angola | |
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Benguelense—Benguela province.
Luandense—Luanda province.
Sulista—South of Angola.
Huambense—Huambo province.
Dialects of Portuguese in Brazil
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| Brazil | |
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Baiano (3) —Bahia and Sergipe range of accents.
Nordestino (2) —more markedly in the Sertão (7) and less distinctive in the cities, includes all the dialectal variations found in Northeastern Brazil from Alagoas to Maranhão.[68]
Nortista (8) —Amazon Basin states i.e. Northern Brazil.
Sertanejo (10) —States of Goiás and Mato Grosso.
Mineiro (6) —Minas Gerais (not prevalent in the Triângulo Mineiro; includes southern and southeastern Minas Gerais; the city of Belo Horizonte has an accent of its own.).[citation needed]
Caipira (1) —States of São Paulo (most markedly on the countryside and rural areas); southern Minas Gerais, northern Paraná, southeastern Mato Grosso do Sul. Depending on the vision of what constitutes caipira, Triângulo Mineiro, Southern Goiás, the remaining parts of Mato Grosso do Sul, northern Rio de Janeiro and southern EspÃrito Santo can also be included, and the frontier of caipira in Minas Gerais is expanded some further Northerly, sufficiently to include localities in the "Zona da Mata Mineira", nevertheless does not reach Belo Horizonte expanded metropolitan area. The regions where caipira is stronger, nevertheless, will show even in its cultivated standard Brazilian Portuguese speakers trends which still will do not separe them from their the rural and small town counterparts approximating them to the cultivated speakers of the other dialects, as certainly would happen with the supposedly caipira speakers of Rio de Janeiro and EspÃrito Santo.
It is often said that caipira appeared via decreolization of lÃngua brasÃlica, former lingua franca in most of the contemporary Centro-Sul of Brazil before the 18th century, spoken by most of the bandeirantes, interior pioneers of Colonial Brazil, closely related to its Northern counterpart Nheengatu, and that is why the dialect show so many easily-recognizable differences from other variants of the language.[69]
Cafundó (Cupópia) (9?)—a 'secret' variety with a large number of Bantu words.
Paulistano (9?)—Cultivated variants spoken around Greater São Paulo in its maximum definition and some eastern areas of São Paulo state. Inside the paulistano area, there is a continuum from the variants which most closely resemble standard Brazilian Portuguese to the most caipira ones. Caipira is deemed as the stereotyped rural dialect of much of the Centro-Sul.
Sulista (11) —Variants spoken in the areas between the northern regions of Rio Grande do Sul and southern regions of São Paulo state. The cities of Curitiba and Florianópolis have fairly distinct accents as well, the sulista status of the latter can even do not reach a consensus.
Gaúcho (5) —Rio Grande do Sul. There are many distinct accents in Rio Grande do Sul, mainly due to the heavy influx of European immigrants of diverse origins, who have settled in colonies throughout the state and to the proximity to Spanish-speaking nations. The gaúcho word in itself is a Spanish loanword into Portuguese of obscure Indigenous Amerindian origins.
Capixaba (4?)—Variants spoken throughout EspÃrito Santo. Continuum between the most typically rural accents, in its extreme in the Southern region close to Rio de Janeiro state but to some extent also distancing a little from the coast which approximate to mineiro and to some extent caipira (which nevertheless weakened in cities as Cachoeiro do Itapemirim), and the more cultivated speech which slightly resembles standard Brazilian Portuguese spoken in Minas Gerais but at the same time with a more European Portuguese accent, nevertheless by far not as heavy as it is in Greater Rio de Janeiro, typical of many speakers in Greater Vitória and mid to big towns.
Florianopolitano—Variants heavily inffluenced by European Portuguese spoken in Florianópolis city and much of its metropolitan area, Grande Florianópolis, said to be a continuum between those whose speech most resemble sulista dialects and those whose speech most resemble fluminense ones.
Fluminense (4?)—Variants spoken in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Some sources do not include the city of Rio de Janeiro and its adjacent metropolitan area, which have their own accents, collectively called carioca.
Carioca—Variants of the fluminense dialect spoken in Greater Rio de Janeiro. There is actually a continuum between rural and town accents (most radically in areas close to EspÃrito Santo), the carioca accents (those from ItaguaÃ, Baixada Fluminense, the Rio de Janeiro city proper and Niterói, for example) of the metropolitan region, and the cultivated speech which most closely resembles standard Brazilian Portuguese but with a markedly European Portuguese inffluence, the greatest in the country's dialects along florianopolitano.
Dialects of Portuguese in Portugal
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Micaelense (Açores) (São Miguel)—Azores.
Alentejano—Alentejo (Alentejan Portuguese)
Algarvio—Algarve (there is a particular dialect in a small part of western Algarve).
Alto-Minhoto—North of Braga (hinterland).
Baixo-Beirão; Alto-Alentejano—Central Portugal (hinterland).
Beirão— Central Portugal.
Estremenho—Regions of Coimbra, Leiria and Lisbon (this is a disputed denomination, as Coimbra is not part of "Estremadura", and the Lisbon dialect has some peculiar features that not only are not shared with the one of Coimbra, as make it significantly distinct and recognizable to most native speakers from elsewhere in Portugal).
Madeirense (Madeiran)—Madeira.
Nortenho—Regions of the districts of Braga, Porto and parts of Aveiro.
Transmontano—Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro.
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| Other countries | |
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Cape Verde— Português cabo-verdiano (Cape Verdean Portuguese)
Daman and Diu, India—Damaense (Damanese Portuguese)
East Timor— Timorense (East Timorese Portuguese)
Goa, India—Goês (Goan Portuguese)
Guinea-Bissau— Guineense (Guinean Portuguese)
Macau— Macaense (Macanese Portuguese)
Mozambique— Moçambicano (Mozambican Portuguese)
São Tomé and PrÃncipe— Santomense (São Tomean Portuguese)
Uruguay—Dialectos Portugueses del Uruguay (DPU)
Differences between dialects are mostly of accent and vocabulary, but between the Brazilian dialects and other dialects, especially in their most colloquial forms, there can also be some grammatical differences. The Portuguese-based creoles spoken in various parts of Africa, Asia, and the Americas are independent languages.
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