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| Etymology | |
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The origin of the word pidgin is uncertain. Pidgin first appeared in print in 1850 and there are many sources to which the word may be attributed. For example:
English pigeon, a bird sometimes used for carrying brief written messages, especially in times prior to modern telecommunications.[6]
[edit] Tags:Pigeon,Edit,Carrying Brief Written Messages, | |
| Terminology | |
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The word pidgin, formerly also spelled pigion,[7] originally used to describe Chinese Pidgin English, was later generalized to refer to any pidgin.[8] Pidgin may also be used as the specific name for local pidgins or creoles, in places where they are spoken. For example, the name of the creole language Tok Pisin derives from the English words talk pidgin. Its speakers usually refer to it simply as "pidgin" when speaking English.[9][10] Likewise, Hawaiian Creole English is commonly referred to by its speakers as "Pidgin".
The term jargon has also been used to describe pidgins, and is found in the names of some pidgins, such as Chinook Jargon. In this context, linguists today use jargon to denote a particularly rudimentary type of pidgin;[11] however, this usage is rather rare, and the term jargon most often refers to the words particular to a given profession.
Pidgins may start out as or become trade languages, such as Tok Pisin. Trade languages are often full blown languages in their own right such as Swahili. Trade languages tend to be "vehicular languages", while pidgins can evolve into the vernacular.[clarification needed]
[edit] Tags:Trade,Chinese Pidgin English,Creoles,Tok Pisin,Hawaiian Creole English,Chinook Jargon,Vernacular,Creole Language,Talk, | |
| Common traits among pidgin languages | |
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Since a pidgin language is a fundamentally simpler form of communication, the grammar and phonology are usually as simple as possible, and usually consist of:[citation needed]
Uncomplicated clausal structure (e.g., no embedded clauses, etc.)
Reduction or elimination of syllable codas
Reduction of consonant clusters or breaking them with epenthesis
Basic vowels, such as [a, e, i, o, u]
No tones, such as those found in West African and Asian languages
Use of separate words to indicate tense, usually preceding the verb
Use of reduplication to represent plurals, superlatives, and other parts of speech that represent the concept being increased
A lack of morphophonemic variation
[edit] Tags:Grammar,Phonology,Clausal,Embedded,Syllable Codas,Epenthesis,Tones,Tense,Verb,Reduplication,Plurals,Superlatives,Morphophonemic Variation, | |
| Pidgin development | |
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The creation of a pidgin usually requires:
Prolonged, regular contact between the different language communities
A need to communicate between them
An absence of (or absence of widespread proficiency in) a widespread, accessible interlanguage
Also, Keith Whinnom (in Hymes (1971)) suggests that pidgins need three languages to form, with one (the superstrate) being clearly dominant over the others.
It is often posited that pidgins become creole languages when a generation of children learn a pidgin as their first language, a process that regularizes speaker-dependent variation in grammar. Creoles can then replace the existing mix of languages to become the native language of a community (such as the Chavacano language in the Philippines, Krio in Sierra Leone, and Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea). However, not all pidgins become creole languages; a pidgin may die out before this phase would occur (e.g. the Mediterranean Lingua Franca).
Other scholars, such as Salikoko Mufwene, argue that pidgins and creoles arise independently under different circumstances, and that a pidgin need not always precede a creole nor a creole evolve from a pidgin. Pidgins, according to Mufwene, emerged among trade colonies among "users who preserved their native vernaculars for their day-to-day interactions". Creoles, meanwhile, developed in settlement colonies in which speakers of a European language, often indentured servants whose language would be far from the standard in the first place, interacted extensively with non-European slaves, absorbing certain words and features from the slaves' non-European native languages, resulting in a heavily basilectalized version of the original language. These servants and slaves would come to use the creole as an everyday vernacular, rather than merely in situations in which contact with a speaker of the superstrate was necessary.[12]
[edit] Tags:Interlanguage,Creole Languages,Chavacano Language,Philippines,Krio,Sierra Leone,Mediterranean Lingua Franca,Indentured Servants,Slaves,Basilectalized,Lingua Franca,Read, | |
| See also | |
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Basque-Icelandic pidgin
Béarlachas
Creole language
Decreolization
Delaware languages#Derived languages
Engrish or Chinglish
Hawaiian Pidgin
International Sign
Jamaican Creole
Lingua franca
List of English-based pidgins
Mediterranean Lingua Franca or Sabir
Mixed language
Nigerian Pidgin
Pequeno Português
Portuñol
Trading zones
[edit] Tags:Basque-icelandic Pidgin,Béarlachas,Decreolization,Engrish,Chinglish,Hawaiian Pidgin,International Sign,Jamaican Creole,Mixed Language,Nigerian Pidgin,Pequeno Português,Portuñol,Trading Zones, | |
| Notes | |
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^ See Todd (1990:3)
^ See Thomason & Kaufman (1988:169)
^ Mason, Timothy. "Didactics- 1 Introduction." First Language Acquisition : the Argument. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2011. <http://www.timothyjpmason.com/WebPages/LangTeach/Licence/CM/OldLectures/L1_Introduction.htm>.
^ Bakker (1994:27)
^ Bakker (1994:26)
^ pidgin, Cambridge University Press, 1997
^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named etymonline; see Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text
^ Bakker (1994:25)
^ Smith, Geoff P. Growing Up with Tok Pisin: Contact, creolization, and change in Papua New Guinea's national language. London: Battlebridge. 2002. p. 4
^ Thus the published court reports of Papua New Guinea refer to Tok Pisin as "Pidgin": see for example Schubert v The State [1979] PNGLR 66.
^ Bakker & 1994 (pp25–26)
^ "Salikoko Mufwene: "Pidgin and Creole Languages"". Humanities.uchicago.edu. http://humanities.uchicago.edu/faculty/mufwene/pidginCreoleLanguage.html. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
[edit] Tags:/,Help, | |
| References | |
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Bakker, Peter (1994), "Pidgins", in Jacques Arends; Pieter Muysken; Norval Smithh, Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction, John Benjamins, pp. 26–39
Hymes, Dell (1971), Pidginization and Creolization of Languages, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-07833-4
McWhorter, John (2002), The Power of Babel: The Natural History of Language, Random House Group, ISBN 0-06-052085-X
Sebba, Mark (1997), Contact Languages: Pidgins and Creoles, MacMillan, ISBN 0-333-63024-6
Thomason, Sarah G.; Kaufman, Terrence (1988), Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-07893-4
Todd, Loreto (1990), Pidgins and Creoles, Routledge, ISBN 0415053110
[edit] Tags:Thomason, Sarah G.,Kaufman, Terrence, | |
| External links | |
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Language Varieties Web Site
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pidgin&oldid=474383626"
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