Pergamon Photos:

Pergamon
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Pergamon
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Pergamon
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Pergamon
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Pergamon Basic Informations:

History
2> The Kingdom of Pergamon (colored olive), shown at its greatest extent in 188 BC The Attalid kingdom was the rump state left after the collapse of the Kingdom of Thrace. The Attalids, the descendants of Attalus, father of Philetaerus who came to power in 281 BC following the collapse of the Kingdom of Thrace, were among the most loyal supporters of Rome in the Hellenistic world. Under Attalus I (241-197 BC), they allied with Rome against Philip V of Macedon, during the first and second Macedonian Wars, and again under Eumenes II (197-158 BC), against Perseus of Macedon, during the Third Macedonian War. For support against the Seleucids, the Attalids were rewarded with all the former Seleucid domains in Asia Minor. The Attalids ruled with intelligence and generosity. Many documents survive showing how the Attalids would support the growth of towns through sending in skilled artisans and by remitting taxes. They allowed the Greek cities in their domains to maintain nominal independence. They sent gifts to Greek cultural sites like Delphi, Delos, and Athens. They defeated the invading Celts. They remodeled the Acropolis of Pergamon after the Acropolis in Athens. When Attalus III (138-133 BC) died without an heir in 133 BC, he bequeathed the whole of Pergamon to Rome, in order to prevent a civil war. According to Christian tradition, the first bishop of Pergamon, Antipas, was martyred there in ca. 92 AD. (Revelation 2:13) The Ottoman Sultan Murad III had two large alabaster urns transported from the ruins of Pergamon and placed on two sides of the nave in the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul.[1] [edit]

Tags:Greek,188 Bc,Attalid,Rump State,Kingdom Of Thrace,Philetaerus,Rome,Attalus I,Philip V Of Macedon,First,Second,Macedonian Wars,Eumenes Ii,Perseus Of Macedon,Third Macedonian War,Seleucids,Attalids,Asia Minor,Delphi,Delos,Athens,Acropolis,Ottoman,Murad Iii,Hagia Sophia,Istanbul,Macedonia,Wars,Macedonian,Cities,
Upper Acropolis
3> The Great Altar of Pergamon, on display in the Pergamonmuseum in Berlin, Germany Model of the Acropolis in the Pergamon museum in Berlin Sketched reconstruction of ancient Pergamon View of Acropolis from Sanctuary of Asclepion The Great Altar of Pergamon is in the Pergamon Museum, Berlin. The base of this altar remains on the upper part of the Acropolis. It was perhaps this altar, believed to be dedicated to Zeus, that John of Patmos referred to as "Satan's Throne" in his Book of Revelation (Revelation 2:13). Other notable structures still in existence on the upper part of the Acropolis include: The Hellenistic Theater with a seating capacity of 10,000. This had the steepest seating of any known theater in the ancient world.[2] The Sanctuary of Trajan (also known as the Trajaneum) The Sanctuary of Athena The Library a.k.a. Athenaeum[citation needed] The Royal palaces The Heroön - a shrine where the kings of Pergamon, particularly, Attalus I and Eumenes II, were worshipped.[3] The Temple of Dionysus The Upper Agora The Roman baths complex Arsenals Pergamon's library on the Acropolis (the ancient Library of Pergamum) is the second best in the ancient Greek civilization.[4] When the Ptolemies stopped exporting papyrus, partly because of competitors and partly because of shortages, the Pergamenes invented a new substance to use in codices, called pergaminus or pergamena (parchment) after the city. This was made of fine calfskin, a predecessor of vellum. The library at Pergamom was believed to contain 200,000 volumes, which Mark Antony later gave to Cleopatra as a wedding present.[citation needed] [edit]

Tags:Ancient Greek,Book Of Revelation,Berlin,Germany,John Of Patmos,Trajan,Athenaeum,Library Of Pergamum,Ptolemies,Papyrus,Codices,Parchment,Calfskin,Vellum,Mark Antony,Cleopatra,Agora,
Lower Acropolis
3> The lower part of the Acropolis has the following structures: the Upper Gymnasium the Middle Gymnasium the Lower Gymnasium the Temple of Demeter the Sanctuary of Hera the House of Attalus the Lower Agora and the Gate of Eumenes [edit]

Tags:Gymnasium,Demeter,Hera,
Sanctuary of Asclepius
4> Three kilometers south of the Acropolis, down in the valley, there was the Sanctuary of Asclepius (also known as the Asclepieion), the god of healing. In this place people with health problems could bathe in the water of the sacred spring, and in the patients' dreams Asclepius would appear in a vision to tell them how to cure their illness. Archeology has found lots of gifts and dedications that people would make afterwards, such as small terracotta body parts, no doubt representing what had been healed. Notable extant structures in the Asclepieion include: the Roman theater the North Stoa the South Stoa the Temple of Asclepius a circular treatment center (sometimes known as the Temple of Telesphorus) a healing spring an underground passageway a library the Via Tecta (or the Sacred Way, which is a colonnaded street leading to the sanctuary) and a propylon. [edit]

Tags:Asclepius,Asclepieion,Propylon,People,Arts,
Serapis Temple
4> Pergamon's other notable structure is the great temple of the Egyptian gods Isis and/or Serapis, known today as the "Red Basilica" (or Kızıl Avlu in Turkish), about one kilometer south of the Acropolis. It consists of a main building and two round towers within an enormous temenos or sacred area. In the first century AD, the Christian Church at Pergamon inside the main building of the Red Basilica was one of the Seven Churches to which the Book of Revelation was addressed (Revelation 2:12). The forecourt is still supported by the 193 m wide Pergamon Bridge, the largest bridge substruction of antiquity.[5] [edit]

Tags:Isis,Serapis,Red Basilica,Seven Churches,
Inscriptions
2> Greek inscriptions discovered at Pergamon include the rules of the town clerks, Lex de astynomis Pergamenorum, which has added to understanding of Greek municipal texts, including such mundane examples as providing an early set of rules for maintaining public lavatories, aphedron.[citation needed] [edit]

Tags:Aphedron,
Notable people
2> Epigonus (3rd century BC) Greek sculptor Aeulius Nicon (2nd century AD) Greek architect and builder Galen (ca. 129-200/216) Greek physician [edit]

Tags:Epigonus,Aeulius Nicon,Galen,
Footnotes
2> ^ E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936‎ - Page 526 ^ [1] accessed September 24, 2007 ^ Bergama (Pergamum)-Akhisar (Thyatira) accessed September 24, 2007 ^ after that of Alexandria (see Royal Library of Alexandria) ^ Grewe & Özis 1994, pp. 350, 352 [edit]

Tags:Bergama,Alexandria,Library Of Alexandria,
References
2> Grewe, Klaus; Özis, Ünal (1994), "Die antiken Flußüberbauungen von Pergamon und Nysa (Türkei)", Antike Welt 25 (4): 348–352  Hansen, Esther V. (1971). The Attalids of Pergamon. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press; London: Cornell University Press Ltd. ISBN 0-8014-0615-3. Kosmetatou, Elizabeth (2003) "The Attalids of Pergamon," in Andrew Erskine, ed., A Companion to the Hellenistic World. Oxford: Blackwell: pp. 159–174. ISBN 1-4051-3278-7. Nagy, Gregory (1998). "The Library of Pergamon as a Classical Model," in Helmut Koester, ed., Pergamon: Citadel of the Gods. Harrisburg PA: Trinity Press International: 185-232. Nagy, Gregory (2007). "The Idea of the Library as a Classical Model for European Culture," http://chs.harvard.edu/publications.sec/online_print_books.ssp/. Center for Hellenic Studies [edit]

Tags:Cornell University Press,Center For Hellenic Studies,Nysa,
External links
2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pergamon Rosa Valderrama, "Pergamum": brief history Photographic tour of old and new Pergamon, including the museum The Theatre at Pergamon. The Ancient Theatre Archive. Theatre specifications and virtual reality tour of theatre 3D-visualization and photos of Pergamon Coordinates: 39°08′00″N 27°11′00″E / 39.1333333°N 27.1833333°E / 39.1333333; 27.1833333 v d e Ancient Greece Outline Timeline Periods Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization Mycenaean civilization Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Geography Aegean Sea Hellespont Macedonia Sparta Athens Corinth Thebes Thermopylae Ionian Sea Ionia Aeolis Doris Antioch Alexandria Pergamon Miletus Ephesus Delphi Delos Olympia Troy Rhodes Crete Peloponnesus Epirus Cyprus Pontus Magna Graecia Ancient Greek Colonies Politics Apella Ecclesia Heliaia Boule Agora Graphē paranómōn Areopagus League of Corinth Diadochi Rulers Kings of Sparta Kings of Athens Archons of Athens Kings of Macedon Kings of Pontus Kings of Paionia Roman Emperors Kings of Kommagene Kings of Lydia Attalid Kings of Pergamon Diadochi Kings of Argos Tyrants of Syracuse Life Agriculture Clothing Cuisine Athenian democracy Economy Education Festivals Homosexuality Law Marriage Mourning ritual Olympic Games Pederasty Philosophy Prostitution Religion Slavery Warfare Wine Military Wars Army of Macedon Antigonid Macedonian army Pezhetairoi Hoplite Seleucid army Hellenistic armies Phalanx formation Peltast Sarissa Xyston Sacred Band of Thebes People Philosophers Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Antisthenes Aristotle Democritus Diotima of Mantinea Diogenes of Sinope Epicurus Empedocles Heraclitus Hypatia Leucippus Gorgias Parmenides Plato Protagoras Pythagoras Socrates Thales Themistoclea Zeno Authors Aeschylus Aesop Alcaeus Archilochus Aristophanes Bacchylides Euripides Herodotus Hesiod Hipponax Homer Ibycus Lucian Menander Mimnermus Pindar Plutarch Polybius Sappho Simonides Sophocles Stesichorus Thucydides Theognis Timocreon Tyrtaeus Xenophon Others Alexander the Great Alcibiades Archimedes Aspasia Demosthenes Euclid Hipparchus Hippocrates Leonidas Lycurgus Milo of Croton Pericles Ptolemy Solon Themistocles Groups Playwrights Poets Philosophers Tyrants Mythological figures Cultures Ancient Greek tribes Greeks Thracian Greeks Ancient Macedonians Buildings Temples Parthenon Temple of Artemis Acropolis Ancient Agora Temple of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Hephaestus Samothrace temple complex Arts Architecture Coinage Literature Music Pottery Sculpture Theatre Sciences Astronomy Mathematics Medicine Technology Language Proto-Greek Mycenaean Homeric Dialects Aeolic Arcadocypriot Attic Doric Ionic Locrian Macedonian Pamphylian Koine Writing Linear A Linear B Greek alphabet Greek numerals Attic numerals Lists Cities in Epirus Theatres Cities Place names Category Portal WikiProject v d e Seven churches of Asia 1. Ephesus · 2. Smyrna · 3. Pergamon · 4. Thyatira · 5. Sardis · 6. Philadelphia (modern Alaşehir) · 7. Laodicea Ephesus Smyrna Pergamon Thyatira Sardis Philadelphia (modern Alaşehir) Laodicea v d e Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia Before Achaemenid conquest (546 BC) Hatti • Hittites • Wilusa/Troy • Gasgas • Hayasa-Azzi • Arzawa • Kizzuwatna • Millawanda • Lukka • Assuwa league • Urartu • Neo-Hittites • Phrygia • Lydia After Partition of Babylon (323 BC) Bithynia • Antigonids • Pergamon • Cappadocia • Galatia • Pontus • Commagene v d e Ancient settlements in Turkey Aegean Aegae Alabanda Alinda Allianoi Amorium Amyzon Antioch on the Maeander Apamea in Phrygia Aphrodisias Apollonia in Mysia Atarneus Beycesultan Caryanda Celaenae Ceramus Colophon Cyme Didyma Docimium Ephesus Erythrae Euromus Gambrion Gryneion Halicarnassus Hierapolis Iasos Kaunos Kayaköy Klazomenai Knidos Laodicea on the Lycus Latmus Lebedus Limantepe Magnesia on the Maeander Metropolis Miletus Myndus Myriandrus Myus Notion Nysa Oenoanda Orestias Pepuza Pergamon Perperene Phocaea Pinara Pitane Priene Sardis Sigeion Smyrna Stratonicea in Lydia Stratonicea in Caria Temnos Teos Tymion Black Sea Alaca Höyük Comana in the Pontus Euchaita Hattusa Hüseyindede Tepe Ibora Laodicea Pontica Nerik Nicopolis Pompeiopolis Salatiwara Samuha Sapinuwa Tripolis Yazılıkaya Zaliches Central Anatolia Alişar Hüyük Çatalhöyük Derbe Dorylaeum Gordium Heraclea Cybistra Irenopolis Kaman-Kalehöyük Kerkenes Kültepe Laodicea Combusta Mokissos Nyssa Pessinus Purushanda Tavium Tyana Eastern Anatolia Altıntepe Ani Melid Sugunia Tushpa Marmara Aegospotami Alexandria Troas Apamea Myrlea Apollonia on the Rhyndax Apros Assos Cardia Cebrene Chalcedon Cius Cyzicus Drusipara Faustinopolis Germanicopolis Lysimachia Nicomedia Sestos Skepsis Troy (Hisarlik) Mediterranean Alalakh Anazarbus Antigonia Antioch on the Orontes Antioch in Pisidia Antiochia Lamotis Antioch on the Cragus Antioch on the Pyramis Aphrodisias of Cilicia Ariassos Arsinoe Arycanda Aspendos Comana in Cappadocia Corycus (Kızkalesi) Cremna Cyrrhus Domuztepe Elaiussa Sebaste Epiphania Gözlükule Hacilar Issus Kandyba Karatepe Kibyra Mallus Mamure Castle Mopsuestia Myra Olba Patara Perga Phaselis Rhosus Sagalassos Seleucia in Pamphylia Seleucia Pieria Seleucia Sidera Selge Side Sillyon Soli

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