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| Geography | |
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Further information: List of Ohio counties, List of cities in Ohio, List of villages in Ohio, List of Ohio townships, Ohio public lands, and List of lakes in Ohio
Ohio's geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo and business traffic passes through its borders along its well-developed highways. Ohio has the nation's 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North America's population and 70% of North America's manufacturing capacity.[24] To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles (502 km) of coastline,[25] which allows for numerous seaports. Ohio's southern border is defined by the Ohio River (with the border being at the 1793 low-water mark on the north side of the river), and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohio's neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, and West Virginia on the southeast. Ohio's borders were defined by metes and bounds in the Enabling Act of 1802 as follows:
Bounded on the east by the Pennsylvania line, on the south by the Ohio River, to the mouth of the Great Miami River, on the west by the line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami aforesaid, and on the north by an east and west line drawn through the southerly extreme of Lake Michigan, running east after intersecting the due north line aforesaid, from the mouth of the Great Miami until it shall intersect Lake Erie or the territorial line, and thence with the same through Lake Erie to the Pennsylvania line aforesaid.
The Ohio coast of Lake Erie.
Note that Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. In 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court held that, based on the wording of the cessation of territory by Virginia (which, at that time included what is now Kentucky and West Virginia), the boundary between Ohio and Kentucky (and by implication, West Virginia) is the northern low-water mark of the river as it existed in 1792.[26] Ohio has only that portion of the river between the river's 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark.
The border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River.
Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with an exceptionally flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. This glaciated region in the northwest and central state is bordered to the east and southeast first by a belt known as the glaciated Allegheny Plateau, and then by another belt known as the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills and forests.
Physical geography of Ohio.
The rugged southeastern quadrant of Ohio, stretching in an outward bow-like arc along the Ohio River from the West Virginia Panhandle to the outskirts of Cincinnati, forms a distinct socio-economic unit. Geologically similar to parts of West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania, this area's coal mining legacy, dependence on small pockets of old manufacturing establishments, and distinctive regional dialect set this section off from the rest of the state. In 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to "address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region."[27] This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia.[28] While 1/3 of Ohio's land mass is part of the federally defined Appalachian region, only 12.8% of Ohioans live there (1.476 million people.)[29]
Map of Ohio.
Significant rivers within the state include the Cuyahoga River, Great Miami River, Maumee River, Muskingum River, and Scioto River. The rivers in the northern part of the state drain into the northern Atlantic Ocean via Lake Erie and the St. Lawrence River, and the rivers in the southern part of the state drain into the Gulf of Mexico via the Ohio River and then the Mississippi.
The worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, including the downtown business district of Dayton. As a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States.[30]
Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the canal-building era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles (52 km2), was the largest artificial lake in the world. It should be noted that Ohio's canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their industrial emergence to location on canals, and as late as 1910 interior canals carried much of the bulk freight of the state.
Tags:Indiana,Eastern,/,Pennsylvania,Michigan,Ontario,Kentucky,Metes And Bounds,Great Miami River,Lake Michigan,U.s. Supreme Court,Great Black Swamp,Glaciated Allegheny Plateau,Virginia Panhandle,Socio-economic,United States Congress,Cuyahoga River,Maumee River,Muskingum River,Scioto River,Lake Erie,St. Lawrence River,Gulf Of Mexico,Great Dayton Flood,Miami River,Grand Lake St. Marys,Cincinnati,C,Est, | |
| Climate | |
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The climate of Ohio is a humid continental climate (Koppen climate classification Dfa) throughout most of the state except in the extreme southern counties of Ohio's Bluegrass region section which are located on the northern periphery of the humid subtropical climate and Upland South region of the United States. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold. Precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round. Severe weather is not uncommon in the state, although there are typically fewer tornado reports in Ohio than in states located in what is known as the Tornado Alley. Severe lake effect snowstorms are also not uncommon on the southeast shore of Lake Erie, which is located in an area designated as the Snowbelt.
Although predominantly not in a subtropical climate, some warmer-climate flora and fauna does reach well into Ohio. For instance, a number of trees with more southern ranges, such as the blackjack oak, Quercus marilandica, are found at their northernmost in Ohio just north of the Ohio River. Also evidencing this climatic transition from a subtropical to continental climate, several plants such as the Southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), Albizia julibrissin (mimosa), Crape Myrtle, and even the occasional Needle Palm are hardy landscape materials regularly used as street, yard, and garden plantings in the Bluegrass region of Ohio; but these same plants will simply not thrive in much of the rest of the State. This interesting change may be observed while traveling through Ohio on Interstate 75 from Cincinnati to Toledo; the observant traveler of this diverse state may even catch a glimpse of Cincinnati's common wall lizard, one of the few examples of permanent "subtropical" fauna in Ohio.
Tags:Humid Continental Climate,Bluegrass Region,Humid Subtropical Climate,Tornado Alley,Lake Effect Snowstorms,Subtropical,Continental Climate,Magnolia Grandiflora,Albizia Julibrissin,Crape Myrtle,Needle Palm,Interstate 75, | |
| Records | |
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The highest recorded temperature was 113 °F (45 °C), near Gallipolis on July 21, 1934.[31] The lowest recorded temperature was −39 °F (−39 °C), at Milligan on February 10, 1899.[32]
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| Earthquakes | |
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Although few have registered as noticeable to the average citizen, more than 30 earthquakes occurred in Ohio between 2002 and 2007, and more than 200 quakes with a magnitude of 2.0 or higher have occurred since 1776.[33]
The most substantial known earthquake in Ohio history was the Anna (Shelby County) earthquake,[34] which occurred on March 9, 1937. It was centered in western Ohio, and had a magnitude of 5.4, and was of intensity VIII.[35]
Other significant earthquakes in Ohio include:[36] one of magnitude 4.8 near Lima on September 19, 1884;[37] one of magnitude 4.2 near Portsmouth on May 17, 1901;[38] and one of 5.0 in LeRoy Township in Lake County on January 31, 1986, which continued to trigger 13 aftershocks of magnitude 0.5 to 2.4 for two months.[39][40]
The most recent earthquake in Ohio of any appreciable magnitude occurred on December 31, 2011, at 3:05pm EST. It had a magnitude of 4.0, and its epicenter was located approximately 4 kilometres northwest of Youngstown (41°7′19.1994″N 80°41′2.3994″W / 41.121999833°N 80.683999833°W / 41.121999833; -80.683999833), near the Trumbull/Mahoning county border.[41]
The Ohio Seismic Network (OhioSeis), a group of seismograph stations at several colleges, universities, and other institutions, and coordinated by the Division of Geological Survey of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources,[42] maintains an extensive catalog of Ohio earthquakes from 1776 to the present day, as well as earthquakes located in other states whose effects were felt in Ohio.[43]
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| Major cities | |
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See also: List of cities in Ohio
Rank
City
2010 Population[44]
2010 Metro Population[45]
1
Columbus
787,033
1,836,540
2
Cleveland
396,815
2,077,240
3
Cincinnati
296,943
2,130,151
4
Toledo
287,208
651,429
5
Akron
199,110
703,200
6
Dayton
141,527
841,502
7
Parma
81,601
1
8
Canton
73,007
404,422
9
Youngstown
66,982
565,773
10
Lorain
64,097
1
11
Hamilton
62,477
2
12
Springfield
60,608
133,333
13
Kettering
56,163
4
14
Elyria
54,533
1
15
Lakewood
52,131
1
16
Cuyahoga Falls
49,652
5
17
Euclid
48,920
1
18
Middletown
48,694
2
19
Mansfield
47,821
124,475
20
Newark
47,573
3
1Cleveland Metro, 2Cincinnati Metro, 3Columbus Metro, 4Dayton Metro, 5Akron Metro
Columbus (home of The Ohio State University, Franklin University, Capital University, and Ohio Dominican University) is the capital of Ohio, near the geographic center of the state.
Other Ohio cities functioning as centers of United States metropolitan areas include:
Akron (home of University of Akron and Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company)
Canton (home of Pro Football Hall of Fame, Malone University, and The Timken Company)
Cincinnati (home of University of Cincinnati, Xavier University, Cincinnati Museum Center, Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, Procter & Gamble, Kroger, Macy's Inc., Chiquita Brands International, and Fifth Third Bank)
Cleveland (home of Cleveland State University, Playhouse Square Center, The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Cleveland Orchestra, Case Western Reserve University, The Cleveland Clinic, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Forest City Enterprises, and University Hospitals)
Dayton (home of University of Dayton, Dayton Ballet, Wright State University, Premier Health Partners, and National Museum of the United States Air Force)
Lima (home of University of Northwestern Ohio)
Mansfield (home of North Central State College and Mansfield Motorsports Park)
Sandusky (home of Cedar Point, and Kalahari Resort and Convention Center)
Springfield (home of Wittenberg University)
Steubenville (home of Franciscan University of Steubenville)
Toledo (home of The University of Toledo, The Toledo Museum of Art, Owens Corning, and Owens-Illinois)
Youngstown (home of Youngstown State University and Butler Institute of American Art).
Note: The Cincinnati metropolitan area extends into Kentucky and Indiana, the Steubenville metropolitan area extends into West Virginia, and the Youngstown metropolitan area extends into Pennsylvania.
Ohio cities that function as centers of United States micropolitan areas include:
Ashland (home of Ashland University)
Ashtabula
Athens (home of Ohio University)
Bellefontaine
Bucyrus
Cambridge
Celina
Chillicothe (home of Ohio University-Chillicothe)
Coshocton
Defiance (home of Defiance College)
East Liverpool-Salem
Findlay (home of The University of Findlay)
Fremont
Greenville
Marion (home of Marion Popcorn Festival)
Mount Vernon (home of Mount Vernon Nazarene University)
New Philadelphia-Dover
Norwalk (home of the NHRA venue Summit Motorsports Park, headquarters of the International Hot Rod Association, and pioneer automobile company Fisher Body)
Oxford (home of Miami University)
Portsmouth (home of Shawnee State University)
Sidney
Tiffin (home of Heidelberg College and Tiffin University)
Urbana (home of Urbana University)
Van Wert
Wapakoneta (birthplace of Apollo 11 astronaut Neil Armstrong)
Washington Court House
Wilmington (home of Wilmington College)
Wooster (home of The College of Wooster)
Zanesville (home of Zane State College).
Tags:Capital,Cleveland,Cleveland Metro,Cincinnati Metro,Dayton Metro,Akron Metro,Franklin University,Capital University,United States Metropolitan Areas,University Of Akron,Goodyear Tire And Rubber Company,Pro Football Hall Of Fame,Malone University,The Timken Company,University Of Cincinnati,Xavier University,Cincinnati Museum Center,Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra,Procter & Gamble,Kroger,Macy's Inc.,Chiquita Brands International,Fifth Third Bank,Cleveland State University,Playhouse Square Center,The Cleveland Museum Of Art,The Cleveland Orchestra,Case Western Reserve University, | |
| Native Americans | |
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Archeological evidence suggests that the Ohio Valley was inhabited by nomadic people as early as 13,000 BC.[46] These early nomads disappeared from Ohio by 1,000 BC, "but their material culture provided a base for those who followed them".[46] Between 1,000 and 800 BC, the sedentary Adena culture emerged. As Ohio historian George W. Knepper notes, this sophisticated culture was "so named because evidences of their culture were excavated in 1902 on the grounds of Adena, Thomas Worthington's estate located near Chillicothe".[47] The Adena were able to establish "semi-permanent" villages because they domesticated plants, which included squash, sunflowers, and perhaps corn. Cultivation of these in addition to hunting and gathering supported more settled, complex villages.[47] The most spectacular remnant of the Adena culture is the Great Serpent Mound, located in Adams County, Ohio.[47]
Around 100 BC, the Adena were joined in Ohio Country by the Hopewell people, who were named for the farm owned by Captain M. C. Hopewell, where evidence of their unique culture was discovered.[48] Like the Adena, the Hopewell people participated in a mound-building culture. Their complex, large and technologically sophisticated earthworks can be found in modern-day Marietta, Newark, and Circleville.[48] The Hopewell, however, disappeared from the Ohio Valley in about 600 AD. Little is known about the people who replaced them.[49] Researchers have identified two additional, distinct prehistoric cultures: the Fort Ancient people and the Whittlesey Focus people.[49] Both cultures apparently disappeared in the 17th century, perhaps decimated by infectious diseases spread in epidemics from early European contact. The Native Americans had no immunity to common European diseases. Some scholars believe that the Fort Ancient people "were ancestors of the historic Shawnee people, or that, at the very least, the historic Shawnees absorbed remnants of these older peoples."[49]
American Indians in the Ohio Valley were greatly affected by the aggressive tactics of the Iroquois Confederation, based in central and western New York.[50] After the so-called Beaver Wars in the mid-17th century, the Iroquois claimed much of the Ohio country as hunting and, more importantly, beaver-trapping ground. After the devastation of epidemics and war in the mid-17th century, which largely emptied the Ohio country of indigenous people by the mid-to-late 17th century, the land gradually became repopulated by the mostly Algonquian-speaking descendants of its ancient inhabitants, that is, descendants of the Adena, Hopewell, and Mississippian cultures. Many of these Ohio-country nations were multi-ethnic (sometimes multi-linguistic) societies born out of the earlier devastation brought about by disease, war, and subsequent social instability. They subsisted on agriculture (corn, sunflowers, beans, etc.) supplemented by seasonal hunts. By the 18th century, they were part of a larger global economy brought about by European entry into the fur trade.[51]
The indigenous nations to inhabit Ohio in the historical period included the Miamis (a large confederation); Wyandots (made up of refugees, especially from the fractured Huron confederacy); Delawares (pushed west from their historic homeland in New Jersey); Shawnees (also pushed west, although they may have been descended from the Fort Ancient people of Ohio); Ottawas (more commonly associated with the upper Great Lakes region); Mingos (like the Wyandot, a group recently formed of refugees from Iroquois); and Eries (gradually absorbed into the new, multi-ethnic "republics," namely the Wyandot).[52] Ohio country was also the site of Indian massacres, such as the Yellow Creek Massacre, Gnadenhutten and Pontiac's Rebellion school massacre.[53]
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| Colonial and Revolutionary eras | |
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During the 18th century, the French set up a system of trading posts to control the fur trade in the region. In 1754, France and Great Britain fought a war that was known in North America as the French and Indian War and in Europe as the Seven Years War. As a Tags: | |
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