Photo:1
Photo:2
Photo:3
Photo:4
Photo:1 Photo:2 Photo:3 Photo:4 |
| See also | |
| 2>
Aramaic language
Hebrew language
Ugaritic language
Semitic Languages
Proto-Semitic language
[edit] Tags:Semitic,Aramaic,Ugaritic,Hebrew,Ugaritic Language,Aramaic Language,Hebrew Language,Semitic Languages,Proto-semitic Language,B,G,D,H,W,L,M,N,S,P,R, | |
| Notes | |
| 2>
^ Linguist List Central Semitic composite tree (with Aramaic and Canaanite grouped together in Northwest Semitic, and Arabic and Old South Arabian as sisters)
Linguist List bibliography of sources for composite tree
Rubin, Aaron D. 2007. The Subgrouping of the Semitic Languages, Language and Linguistics Compass, vol. 1.
Huehnergard, John. 2004. "Afro-Asiatic," The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages (Cambridge, pp. 138-159).
Faber, Alice. 1997. "Genetic Subgrouping of the Semitic Languages," The Semitic Languages (Routledge, pp. 3-15)
Huehnergard, John. 1991. "Remarks on the Classification of the Northwest Semitic Languages," The Balaam Text from Deir 'Alla Re-evaluated (Brill, pp. 282-293).
Huehnergard, John. 1992. "Languages of the Ancient Near East," The Anchor Bible Dictionary, Volume 4, pp. 155-170.
Voigt, Rainer M. 1987. "The Classification of Central Semitic," Journal of Semitic Studies 32:1-19.
Goldenberg, Gideon. 1977. "The Semitic Languages of Ethiopia and Their Classification," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 40:461-507.
Ethnologue Central Semitic entry (with Arabic and Canaanite grouped together against Aramaic)
The Ethnologue classification is based on Hetzron, Robert. 1987. "Semitic Languages," The World's Major Languages (Oxford, pp. 654-663).
The older grouping of Arabic with South Semitic was "based on cultural and geographical principles", not on principles of empirical historical linguistics (Faber, 1997, pg. 5). "However, more recently, [Arabic] has been grouped instead with Canaanite and Aramaic, under the rubric Central Semitic..., and this classification is certainly more appropriate for Ancient North Arabian" (Macdonald, M.C.A. 2004. "Ancient North Arabian," The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages Cambridge, pp. 488-533. Quote on pg. 489).
^ See List of sovereign states for recognition information
[edit] Tags:Afro-asiatic,Central Semitic,Canaanite,Arabic,List Of Sovereign States,Z,Y,K,Q,East,Ancient North Arabian,Old South,South, | |
| Bibliography | |
| 2>
Blau, J. 1968. "Some Difficulties in the Reconstruction of 'Proto-Hebrew' and 'Proto-Canaanite'," in In Memoriam Paul Kahle. BZAW, 103. pp. 29–43
Cross, F. M. 1965. “The Development of the Jewish Scripts,” in The Bible and the Ancient Near East: Essays in Honor of W. F. Albright, ed. G. E. Wright. New York. Reprinted 1965, Anchor Book Edition; New York, pp. 133–202.
Cross, F. M. 1967. “The Origin and Early Evolution of the Alphabet,” EI 5: 8*-24*.
Cross, F. M. 1982. “Alphabets and pots: Reflections on typological method in the dating of human artifacts,” MAARAV 3: 121-136.
Cross, F. M. 1989. “The Invention and Development of the Alphabet,” in The Origins of Writing (ed. W. M. Senner; Lincoln: University of Nebraska), pp. 77–90.
Cross, F. M. and Freedman, D. N. 1952. Early Hebrew Orthography: A Study of the Epigraphic Evidence New Haven: American Oriental Society.
Daniels, Peter. 1996. The World’s Writing Systems. New York: Oxford.
de Moor, Johannes C. 1988. "Narrative Poetry in Canaan," UF 20:149-171.
Donner, H. and Rollig, W. 1962-64. Kanaanäische und aramäische Inschriften. 3 volumes. Wiesbaden. (5th ed.)
Driver, G. R. 1976. Semitic Writing: From Pictograph to Alphabet. 3rd edition. London.
Garbini, G. 1960. Il Semitico di nord-ovest. (And a critique by E.Y. Kutscher, JSS 10 (1965):21-51.)
Garr, R. 1985. Dialect Geography of Syria-Palestine, 1000-586 B.C.E. Philadelphia: UPenn.
Gelb, I. J. 1961. “The Early History of the West Semitic Peoples,” JCS 15:27-47.
Gelb, I. J. 1963. A Study of Writing. 2nd edition. Chicago.
Gibson, J. C. L. 1971-87. Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions. 3 Vols. Oxford: Clarendon.
Ginsberg, H. L. 1970. “The Northwest Semitic Languages,” in The World History of the Jewish People, volume 1/2: Patriarches. Tel Aviv.
Greenfield, J. C. 1969. “Amurrite, Ugaritic and Canaanite,” in Proceedings of the International Conference of Semitic Studies. Jerusalem. pp. 92–101.
Halpern, B. 1987. “Dialect Distribution in Canaan and the Deir Alla Inscriptions,” in “Working with No Data”: Semitic and Egyptian Studies Presented to Thomas O. Lambdin. Ed. D. M. Golomb. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. pp. 119–39.
Harris, Z. 1939. Development of the Canaanite Dialects. AOS, 16. New Haven: AOS.
Herr, Larry G. 1980. "The Formal Scripts of Iron Age Transjordan," BASOR 238:21-34.
Hoftijzer, J. and Jongeling, K. 1995. Dictionary of the North-West Semitic inscriptions. 2 volumes. Leiden/New York: Brill. Not including Ugaritic.
Huehnergard, J. 1990. "Remarks on the Classification of the Northwest Semitic Languages," in The Balaam Text from Deir Alla Re-evaluated: proceedings of the international symposium held at Leiden, 21–24 August 1989. pp. 282–93.
Kaufman, S. A. 1988. “The Classification of North West Semitic Dialects of the Biblical Period and Some Implications Thereof,” in Proceedings of the Ninth World Congress of Jewish Studies (Panel Sessions: Hebrew and Aramaic Languages). Jerusalem: World Union of Jewish Studies. pp. 41–57.
Moran, William L. 1961. “The Hebrew Language in its Northwest Semitic Background,” in The Bible and the Ancient Near East: Essays in Honor of W. F. Albright, ed. G. E. Wright. New York. Reprinted 1965, Anchor Book Edition; New York, pp. 59–84.
Moran, William L. 1975. “The Syrian Scribe of the Jerusalem Amarna Letters,” in Unity and Diversity: Essays in the History, Literature, and Religion of the Ancient Near East (ed. H. Goedicke and J. J. M. Roberts; Baltimore/London: Johns Hopkins University Press) 146-166.
Moscati, Sabatino, ed. 1969. An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages: Phonology and Morphology. Porta Linguarum Orientalium, ns, 6. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Naveh, J. 1987. Early History of the Alphabet: An Introduction to West Semitic Epigraphy and Palaeography. 2nd edition. Jerusalem: Magnes. Especially sections on West Semitic.
Parker, Simon B. 1997. Stories in Scripture and Inscriptions: Comparative Studies on Narratives in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions and the Hebrew Bible. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rabin, C. 1971. "Semitic Languages," Encyclopaedia Judaica, volume 14, pp. 1149–57.
Rabin, C. 1991. Semitic Languages (Jerusalem: Bialik). [in Hebrew]
Rainey, A. F. 1986 “The Ancient Hebrew Prefix Conjugation in the Light of Amarnah Canaanite,” Hebrew Studies 27:1-19.
Rainey, A. F. 1990. “The Prefix Conjugation Patterns of Early Northwest Semitic,” pp. 407–420 in Abusch, Tz., Huehnergard, J. and Steinkeller, P., eds. Lingering over Words, Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Literature in Honor of William L. Moran. Atlanta: Scholars.
Renz, J. 1995. Handbuch der althebräischen Epigraphik. 3 volumes. Darmstadt.
Vaughn, A. 1999 “Palaeographic Dating of Judean Seals and Its Significance for Biblical Research,” BASOR 313:43-64.
The Northwest Semitic abjad
ʾ
b
g
d
h
w
z
ḥ
ṭ
y
k
l
m
n
s
ʿ
p
ṣ
q
r
š
t
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
history • Phoenician • Aramaic • Hebrew • Syriac • Arabic
v
d
e
Semitic languages
East
Akkadian · Eblaite
West · Central
Northwest
Canaanite
Hebrew
Biblical · Mishnaic · Medieval · Mizrahi · Yemenite · Sephardi · Ashkenazi · Samaritan · Modern
Phoenician
Punic
Others
Ammonite · Moabite · Edomite
Aramaic
Western
Western Middle
Jewish Middle Palestinian · Samaritan · Christian Palestinian
Eastern
Biblical · Hatran · Syriac · Jewish Babylonian Aramaic · Chaldean Neo-Aramaic · Assyrian Neo-Aramaic · Senaya · Koy Sanjaq Surat · Hértevin · Turoyo · Mlahsô · Mandaic · Judeo-Aramaic
Others
Nabataean · Western Neo-Aramaic
Others
Amorite · Eteocypriot · Ugaritic
Arabic
Literary
Classical · Modern Standard
Dialects
Eastern
Arabian Peninsular
Dhofari · Hejazi · Najdi · Omani · Yemeni · Judeo-Yemeni
Bedouin / Bedawi
Eastern Egyptian and Peninsular Bedawi ·
Others
Central Asian (Khuzestani · Shirvani) · Egyptian (Sa'idi Arabic) · Gulf (Bahrani · Shihhi) · Levantine (Cypriot Maronite · Lebanese · Palestinian) · Iraqi (Judeo-Iraqi) · Sudanese
Maghrebi
Algerian · Saharan · Shuwa · Hassānīya · Andalusian · Libyan Arabic (Judeo-Tripolitanian) · Siculo-Arabic (Maltese) · Moroccan Arabic (Judeo-Moroccan) · Tunisian Arabic (Judeo-Tunisian)
Others
Ancient North Arabian (Safaitic · Dedanitic/Lihyanitic (Dedanite/Lihyanite) · Thamudic · Hasaitic · Hismaic · Taymanitic · Dumaitic
South
Western South
Old South
Sabaean · Minaean · Qatabanian · Hadramautic
Ethiopian
North
Ge'ez · Tigrinya · Tigre · Dahalik
South
Amharic
Argobba
Harari
Silt'e (Wolane, Ulbareg, Inneqor) · Zay
Outer
n-group
Gafat · Soddo
tt-group
Mesmes · Muher · West Gurage (Masqan · Ezha · Chaha · Gura · Gumer · Gyeto · Ennemor · Endegen)
Eastern South
Bathari · Harsusi · Hobyot · Jibbali · Mehri · Soqotri
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Semitic_languages&oldid=470336931"
Categories: Northwest Semitic languagesCentral Semitic languages
Personal tools
Log in / create account
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
Actions
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact Wikipedia
Toolbox
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a bookDownload as PDFPrintable version
Languages
العربية
Aragonés
Български
Català
Česky
Deutsch
Español
Hornjoserbsce
Македонски
Português
தமிழ்
ไทย
This page was last modified on 8 January 2012 at 22:42.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply.
See Terms of use for details.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.Contact us
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Mobile view
if ( window.isMSIE55 ) fixalpha();
if ( window.mediaWiki ) {
mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.user", "mediawiki.util", "mediawiki.page.ready", "mediawiki.legacy.wikibits", "mediawiki.legacy.ajax", "mediawiki.legacy.mwsuggest", "ext.gadget.wmfFR2011Style", "ext.vector.collapsibleNav", "ext.vector.collapsibleTabs", "ext.vector.editWarning", "ext.vector.simpleSearch", "ext.UserBuckets", "ext.articleFeedback.startup", "ext.articleFeedbackv5.startup", "ext.markAsHelpful"]);
}
if ( window.mediaWiki ) {
mw.user.options.set({"ccmeonemails":0,"cols":80,"date":"default","diffonly":0,"disablemail":0,"disablesuggest":0,"editfont":"default","editondblclick":0,"editsection":1,"editsectiononrightclick":0,"enotifminoredits":0,"enotifrevealaddr":0,"enotifusertalkpages":1,"enotifwatchlistpages":0,"extendwatchlist":0,"externaldiff":0,"externaleditor":0,"fancysig":0,"forceeditsummary":0,"gender":"unknown","hideminor":0,"hidepatrolled":0,"highlightbroken":1,"imagesize":2,"justify":0,"math":1,"minordefault":0,"newpageshidepatrolled":0,"nocache":0,"noconvertlink":0,"norollbackdiff":0,"numberheadings":0,"previewonfirst":0,"previewontop":1,"quickbar":5,"rcdays":7,"rclimit":50,"rememberpassword":0,"rows":25,"searchlimit":20,"showhiddencats":false,"showjumplinks":1,"shownumberswatching":1,"showtoc":1,"showtoolbar":1,"skin":"vector","stubthreshold":0,"thumbsize":4,"underline":2,"uselivepreview":0,"usenewrc":0,"watchcreations":1,"watchdefault":0,"watchdeletion":0,"watchlistdays":3,"watchlisthideanons":0,
"watchlisthidebots":0,"watchlisthideliu":0,"watchlisthideminor":0,"watchlisthideown":0,"watchlisthidepatrolled":0,"watchmoves":0,"wllimit":250,"flaggedrevssimpleui":1,"flaggedrevsstable":0,"flaggedrevseditdiffs":true,"flaggedrevsviewdiffs":false,"vector-simplesearch":1,"useeditwarning":1,"vector-collapsiblenav":1,"usebetatoolbar":1,"usebetatoolbar-cgd":1,"wikilove-enabled":1,"variant":"en","language":"en","searchNs0":true,"searchNs1":false,"searchNs2":false,"searchNs3":false,"searchNs4":false,"searchNs5":false,"searchNs6":false,"searchNs7":false,"searchNs8":false,"searchNs9":false,"searchNs10":false,"searchNs11":false,"searchNs12":false,"searchNs13":false,"searchNs14":false,"searchNs15":false,"searchNs100":false,"searchNs101":false,"searchNs108":false,"searchNs109":false,"gadget-wmfFR2011Style":1});;mw.user.tokens.set({"editToken":"+\\","watchToken":false});;mw.loader.state({"user.options":"ready","user.tokens":"ready"});
/* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-js:4:b41a86ec4e0fe8329bc3ce917e792339 */
}
Tags:Akkadian,Palestine,Syria,Jordan,š,ʾ,ḥ,ṭ,ʿ,ṣ,History,Phoenician,Syriac,Modern,Punic,Edomite,Western,Western Middle,Christian Palestinian,Eastern,Judeo-aramaic,Western Neo-aramaic,Modern Standard,Dialects,Central Asian,Egyptian, | |
zote monety |