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| Reproduction | |
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1 day old pups
Breeding onset is at about 50 days of age in both females and males, although females may have their first estrus at 25–40 days. Mice are polyestrous and breed year round; ovulation is spontaneous. The duration of the estrous cycle is 4–5 days and estrus itself lasts about 12 hours, occurring in the evening. Vaginal smears are useful in timed matings to determine the stage of the estrous cycle. Mating is usually nocturnal and may be confirmed by the presence of a copulatory plug in the vagina up to 24 hours post-copulation. The presence of sperm on a vaginal smear is also a reliable indicator of mating.[5]
Female mice housed together tend to go into anestrus and do not cycle. If exposed to a male mouse or the pheromones of a male mouse, most of the females will go into estrus in about 72 hours. This synchronization of the estrous cycle is known as the Whitten effect. The exposure of a recently bred mouse to the pheromones of a strange male mouse may prevent implantation (or pseudopregnancy), a phenomenon known as the Bruce effect.[5]
The average gestation period is 20 days. A fertile postpartum estrus occurs 14–24 hours following parturition, and simultaneous lactation and gestation prolongs gestation 3–10 days owing to delayed implantation. The average litter size is 10–12 during optimum production, but is highly strain-dependent. As a general rule, inbred mice tend to have longer gestation periods and smaller litters than outbred and hybrid mice. The young are called pups and weigh 0.5–1.5 g (0.018–0.053 oz) at birth, are hairless, and have closed eyelids and ears. Cannibalism is uncommon, but females should not be disturbed during parturition and for at least 2 days postpartum. Pups are weaned at 3 weeks of age; weaning weight is 10–12 g (0.35–0.42 oz). If the postpartum estrus is not utilized, the female resumes cycling 2–5 days post-weaning.[5]
Newborn male mice are distinguished from newborn females by noting the greater anogenital distance and larger genital papilla in the male. This is best accomplished by lifting the tails of littermates and comparing perineums.[5]
Tags:Genera,Estrus,Estrous Cycle,Copulatory Plug,Pseudopregnancy,Bruce Effect,Postpartum Estrus,Parturition,Litter,Inbred,Anogenital Distance,Littermates,Perineums,Rat, | |
| Laboratory mice | |
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Main article: Laboratory mice
Knockout mice
Mice are common experimental animals in biology and psychology primarily because they are mammals, and also because they share a high degree of homology with humans. They are the most commonly used mammalian model organism, more common than rats. The mouse genome has been sequenced, and virtually all mouse genes have human homologs. They can also be manipulated in ways that would be considered unethical to do with humans (note Animal Rights). A knockout mouse is a genetically engineered mouse that has had one or more of its genes made inoperable through a gene knockout.
There are other reasons why mice are used in laboratory research. Mice are small, inexpensive, easily maintained, and can reproduce quickly. Several generations of mice can be observed in a relatively short period of time. Mice are generally very docile if raised from birth and given sufficient human contact. However, certain strains have been known to be quite temperamental. Mice and rats have the same organs in the same places, just different proportions.
Tags:Mammalia,Mammal,Mammalian,Laboratory Mice,Experimental,Biology,Psychology,Homology,Model Organism,Genes,Animal Rights,Genetically Engineered,Gene Knockout,Generations,Rats, | |
| Subgenera | |
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Field mouse of the subgenus Mus.
All members of the Mus genus are referred to as mice. However, the term mouse can also be applied to species outside of this genus. Mouse often refers to any small muroid rodent, while rat refers to larger muroid rodents. Therefore these terms are not taxonomically specific. For simplicity, only the rodent subgenera belonging to the Mus genus are listed here.
Genus Mus - Typical mice
Subgenus Coelomys (East Asia)
Subgenus Mus (Eurasia to North Africa, except for the House mouse which is worldwide.)
Subgenus Nannomys (Sub-Saharan Africa)
Subgenus Pyromys (East Asia)
Subgenus and species Mus lepidoides
Tags:Rodents,Taxonomically,Subgenera,Coelomys,East Asia,Mus,Eurasia,North Africa,Nannomys,Sub-saharan Africa,Pyromys,Mus Lepidoides, | |
| As pets | |
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Pet mice
Main article: Fancy mouse
Many people buy mice as companion pets. They can be playful, loving and can grow used to being handled. Like pet rats, pet mice should not be left unsupervised outside as they have many natural predators, including (but not limited to) birds, lizards, cats, and dogs. Male mice tend to have a stronger odor than the females. However, mice are careful groomers and as pets they never need bathing. Well looked after mice can make ideal pets. Some common mouse care products are:
Cage – Usually a hamster or gerbil cage, but special mouse cages are now available.
Food – Special pelleted and seed-based food is available. Mice can generally eat most rodent food (for rats, mice, hamsters, gerbils, etc.)
Bedding – Usually made of hardwood pulp, such as aspen, sometimes from shredded, uninked paper or recycled virgin wood pulp. Using corn husk bedding is avoided because it promotes Aspergillis fungus, and can grow mold once it gets wet, which is rough on their feet.
Tags:Pet,Cats,Dogs,Hamster,Gerbil,Aspen,Inked,Paper,Wood Pulp,Corn Husk,Fungus,Mold, | |
| Nutrition | |
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In nature, mice are largely herbivores, consuming any kind of fruit or grain from plants.[6] Consequently, mice adapt well to urban areas and are known for eating almost all types of food scraps. In captivity, mice are commonly fed commercial pelleted mouse diet. These diets are nutritionally complete, but they still need a large variety of vegetables. Food intake is approximately 15 g (0.53 oz) per 100 g (3.5 oz) of body weight per day; water intake is approximately 15 ml (0.53 imp fl oz; 0.51 US fl oz) per 100 g of body weight per day.[5]
Tags:Herbivores, | |
| As food | |
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"Pinkie" mice for sale as reptile food
Mice are a staple in the diet of many small carnivores. Humans have eaten mice since prehistoric times and still eat them as a delicacy throughout eastern Zambia and northern Malawi,[7], where they are a seasonal source of protein. Mice are no longer routinely consumed by humans elsewhere.
In various countries mice are used as food[8] for pets such as snakes, lizards, frogs, tarantulas and birds of prey, and many pet stores carry mice for this purpose. Some countries, such as Germany and the United Kingdom, have banned the practice of feeding live mice, citing ethical concerns regarding both predator and prey.[9]
Common terms used to refer to different ages/sizes of mice when sold for pet food are "pinkies", "fuzzies", "crawlers", "hoppers", and "adults".[10] Pinkies are newborn mice that have not yet grown fur; fuzzies have some fur but are not very mobile; hoppers have a full coat of hair and are fully mobile but are smaller than adult mice. Mice without fur are easier for the animal to consume; however, mice with fur may be more convincing as animal feed. These terms are also used to refer to the various growth stages of rats (see Fancy rat).
Tags:Birds Of Prey,Snakes,Reptile,Carnivores, | |
| Use for sense of smell | |
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Israeli scientists have tested mice as a new airport security detectors. It consists of three concealed cartridges each containing eight specially trained mice. If they senses traces of explosives or drugs, they will trigger the alarm. According to the New Scientist the mice work four-hour shifts and are more accurate than using dogs or x-ray machines.[11]
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| See also | |
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Look up mouse in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Mice
Genetically modified mouse
House mouse
List of fictional mice and rats
Mouse trap
Mouse (computing)
Musophobia (fear of mice)
Rat
Vacanti mouse
Mouse brain development timeline
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| Notes | |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mus
^ Meerburg BG, Singleton GR, Leirs H (2009). "The Year of the Rat ends: time to fight hunger!". Pest Manag Sci 65 (4): 351–2. doi:10.1002/ps.1718. PMID 19206089. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121686000/abstract.
^ Meerburg BG, Singleton GR, Kijlstra A (2009). "Rodent-borne diseases and their risks for public health". Crit Rev Microbiol 35 (3): 221–70. doi:10.1080/10408410902989837. PMID 19548807. http://www.informahealthcare.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10408410902989837.
^ The Humane society of the United States
^ Knudson, Mary (1981-05-14). "Hopkins thalidomide research results in new drug test". http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1845956812.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=May+14%2C+1981&author=&pub=The+Sun+%281837-1985%29&desc=Hopkins+thalidomide+research+results+in+new+drug+test&pqatl=google.
^ a b c d e Louisiana Veterinary Medical Association
^ Mouse: Northwestern University Ecodome Information Page
^ Tembo, Mwizenge S.. "Mice as a Delicacy: the Significance of Mice in the Diet of the Tumbuka People of Eastern Zambia". Archived from the original on 2008-06-23. http://web.archive.org/web/20080623091951/http://www.bridgewater.edu/~mtembo/mbeba.html. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
^ Food - Frozen mice & rats, Canberra Exotic Pets / reptilesinc.com.au, accessed 2009-11-14
^ "Snake feeding: Rodents, Food infections, Feeding Schedule". http://www.animalhospitals-usa.com/reptiles/snake_feeding.html. Retrieved 2009-05-29.
^ "South Florida's True Rodent Professionals". http://www.southfloridarodents.com/. Retrieved 2009-05-29.
^ "Mice trained for airport security". The Daily Telegraph (London). 2011-02-03. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travelnews/8300223/Mice-trained-for-airport-security.html.
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| External links | |
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Wikispecies has information related to: Mus
Fancy Mice: extensive information about breeding mice and keeping them as pets
High-resolution images of cross sections of mice brains
History of the mouse (with focus on their use in genetics studies)
Mouse Tracks: How to identify mouse tracks
v
d
e
Extant species of subfamily Murinae
Kingdom: Animalia · Phylum: Chordata · Class: Mammalia · Superorder: Euarchontoglires · Order: Rodentia · Family: Muridae
Aethomys, Apodemus, Arvicanthis, Chrotomys divisions
Aethomys
Division
Aethomys
(Bush rats)
Bocage's Rock Rat (A. bocagei) · Red Rock Rat (A. chrysophilus) · Grant's Rock Rat (A. (Micaelamys) granti) · Hinde's Rock Rat (A. hindei) · Tete Veld Aethomys (A. ineptus) · Kaiser's Rock Rat (A. kaiseri) · Namaqua Rock Rat (A. (Micaelamys) namaquensis) · Nyika Rock Rat (A. nyikae) · Silinda Rock Rat (A. silindensis) · Tinfields Rock Rat (A. stannarius) · Thomas's Rock Rat (A. thomasi)
Apodemus
Division
Apodemus
(Old world
field mice)
Striped Field Mouse (A. agrarius) · Alpine Field Mouse (A. alpicola) · Small Japanese Field Mouse (A. argenteus) · A. avicennicus · Chevrier's Field Mouse (A. chevrieri) · South China Field Mouse (A. draco) · Yellow-necked Mouse (A. flavicollis) · Himalayan Field Mouse (A. gurkha) · Caucasus Field Mouse (A. hyrcanicus) · Sichuan Field Mouse (A. latronum) · Pygmy Field Mouse (A. microps) · Broad-toothed Field Mouse (A. mystacinus) · Western Broad-toothed Field Mouse (A. (mystacinus) epimelas) · Ward's Field Mouse (A. pallipes) · Korean Field Mouse (A. peninsulae) · Black Sea Field Mouse (A. ponticus) · Kashmir Field Mouse (A. rusiges) · Taiwan Field Mouse (A. semotus) · Large Japanese Field Mouse (A. speciosus) · Wood Mouse (A. sylvaticus) · Ural Field Mouse (A. uralensis ) · Steppe Field Mouse (A. witherbyi)
Tokudaia
(Ryukyu spiny rats)
Muennink's Spiny Rat (T. muenninki) · Ryukyu Spiny Rat (T. osimensis) · Tokunoshima Spiny Rat (T. tokunoshimensis)
Arvicanthis
Division
Arvicanthis
(Unstriped
grass mice)
Abyssinian Grass Rat (A. abyssinicus) · Sudanian Grass Rat (A. ansorgei) · Blick's Grass Rat (A. blicki) · Nairobi Grass Rat (A. nairobae) · Neumann's Grass Rat (A. neumanni) · African Grass Rat (A. niloticus) · Guinean Grass Rat (A. rufinus)
Desmomys
Harrington's Rat (D. harringtoni) · Yalden's Rat (D. yaldeni)
Lemniscomys
(Striped
grass mice)
Barbary Striped Grass Mouse (L. barbarus) · Bellier's Striped Grass Mouse (L. bellieri) · Griselda's Striped Grass Mouse (L. griselda) · Hoogstral's Striped Grass Mouse (L. hoogstraali) · Senegal One-striped Grass Mouse (L. linulus) · Buffoon Striped Grass Mouse (L. macculus) · Mittendorf's Striped Grass Mouse (L. mittendorfi) · Single-striped Grass Mouse (L. rosalia) · Rosevear's Striped Grass Mouse (L. roseveari) · Typical Striped Grass Mouse (L. striatus) · Heuglin's Striped Grass Mouse (L. zebra)
Mylomys
African Groove-toothed Rat (M. dybowskii) · M. rex
Pelomys
(Groove-toothed
creek rats)
Bell Groove-toothed Swamp Rat (P. campanae) · Creek Groove-toothed Swamp Rat (P. fallax) · Hopkins's Groove-toothed Swamp Rat (P. hopkinsi) · Issel's Groove-toothed Swamp Rat (P. isseli) · Least Groove-toothed Swamp Rat (P. minor)
Rhabdomys
R. dilectus · Four-Striped Grass Mouse (R. pumilio)
Chrotomys
Division
Apomys
Luzon Cordillera Forest Mouse (A. abrae) · Camiguin Forest Mouse (A. camiguinensis) · Luzon Montane Forest Mouse (A. datae) · Large Mindoro Forest Mouse (A. gracilirostris) · Mount Apo Forest Mouse (A. hylocoetes) · Mindanao Montane Forest Mouse (A. insignis) · Mindanao Lowland Forest Mouse (A. littoralis) · Small Luzon Forest Mouse (A. microdon) · Least Forest Mouse (A. musculus) · Long-nosed Luzon Forest Mouse (A. sacobianus)
Archboldomys
(Mount Isarog
shrew rats)
Mount Isarog Shrew Mouse (A. luzonensis) · Sierra Madre Shrew Mouse (A. musseri) · Cordillera Shrew-mouse (A. kalinga)
Chrotomys
(Luzon
striped rats)
Luzon Striped Rat (C. whiteheadi) · Mindoro Striped Rat (C. mindorensis) · Isarog Striped Shrew-Rat (C. gonzalesi) · Blazed Luzon Shrew Rat (C. silaceus) · Sibuyan Striped Shrew Rat (C. sibuyanensis)
Rhynchomys
(Shrewlike rats)
Banahao Shrew Rat (R. banahao) · Isarog Shrewlike Rat (R. isarogensis) · Mount Data Shrew Rat (R. soricoides) · Tapulao Shrew Rat (R. tapulao)
Colomys, Crunomys, Dacnomys, Dasymys, Dasymys, Echiothrix, Golunda divisions
Colomys
Division
Colomys
African Wading Rat (C. goslingi)
Nilopegamys
Ethiopian Amphibious Rat (N. plumbeus)
Zelotomys
(Stink mice)
Hildegarde's Broad-Headed Mouse (Z. hildegardeae) · Woosnam's Broad-Headed Mouse (Z. woosnami)
Crunomys
Division
Crunomys
Celebes Shrew Rat (C. celebensis) · Northern Luzon Shrew Rat (C. fallax) · Mindanao Shrew Rat (C. melanius) · Katanglad Shrew Mouse (C. suncoides)
Sommeromys
Sommer’s Sulawesi Rat (S. macrorhinos)
Dacnomys
Division
Anonymomys
Mindoro Climbing Rat (A. mindorensis)
Chiromyscus
Fea's Tree Rat (C. chiropus)
Dacnomys
Millard's Rat (D. millardi)
Leopoldamys
(Long-tailed
giant rats)
Sundaic Mountain Long-tailed Giant Rat (L. ciliatus) · Edwards's Long-tailed Giant Rat (L. edwardsi) · Millet's Long-tailed Giant Rat (L. milleti) · Neill's Long-tailed Giant Rat (L. neilli) · Long-tailed Giant Rat (L. sabanus) · Mentawai Long-tailed Giant Rat (L. siporanus)
Niviventer
(White-bellied rats)
Anderson's White-bellied Rat (N. andersoni) · Brahma White-bellied Rat (N. brahma) · Cameron Highlands White-bellied Rat (N. cameroni) · Chinese White-bellied Rat (N. confucianus) · Coxing's White-bellied Rat (N. coninga) · Dark-tailed Tree Rat (N. cremoriventer) · Oldfield White-bellied Rat (N. culturatus) · Smoke-bellied Rat (N. eha) · Large White-bellied Rat (N. excelsior) · Montane Sumatran White-bellied Rat (N. fraternus) · Chestnut White-bellied Rat (N. fulvescens) · Limestone Rat (N. hinpoon) · Lang Bian White-bellied Rat (N. langbianis) · Narrow-tailed White-bellied Rat (N. lepturus) · Hainan White-bellied Rat (N. lotipes) · White-bellied Rat (N. niviventer) · Long-tailed Mountain Rat (N. rapit) · Tenasserim White-bellied Rat (N. tenaster)
Saxatilomys
Paulina’s Limestone Rat (S. paulinae)
Srilankamys
Ohiya Rat (S. ohiensis)
Tonkinomys
Daovantien’s Limestone Rat (T. daovantieni)
Dasymys
Division
Dasymys
(Shaggy
swamp rats)
Glover Allen's Shaggy Rat (D. alleni) · Crawford-Cabral's Shaggy Rat (D. cabrali) · Fox's Shaggy Rat (D. foxi) · African Marsh Rat (D. incomtus) · Montane Shaggy Rat (D. montanus) · Angolan Marsh Rat (D. nudipes) · Robert's Shaggy Rat (D. robertsii) · West African Shaggy Rat (D. rufulus) · Rwandan Shaggy Rat (D. rwandae) · D. shortridgei · Tanzanian Shaggy Rat (D. sua)
Echiothrix
Division
Echiothrix
Central Sulawesi Spiny Rat (E. centrosa) · Sulawesi Spiny Rat (E. leucura)
Golunda
Division
Golunda
Indian Bush Rat (G. ellioti)
Hadromys, Hybomys, Hydromys, Lorentzimys, Malacomys, Maxomys divisions
Hadromys
Division
Hadromys
(Manipur Bush Rat)
Manipur Bush Rat (H. humei) · H. loujacobsi · Yunnan Bush Rat (H. yunnanensis)
Hybomys
Division
Dephomys
(Defua rats)
Defua Rat (D. defua) · Ivory Coast Rat (D. eburneae)
Hybomys
(Hump-nosed mice)
Eisentraut's Striped Mouse (H. badius) · Father Basilio's Striped Mouse (H. basilii) · Moon Striped Mouse (H. lunaris) · Miller's Striped Mouse (H. planifrons) · Temminck's Striped Mouse (H. trivirgatus) · Peters's Striped Mouse (H. univittatus)
Stochomys
Target Rat (S. longicaudatus)
Hydromys
Division
Baiyankamys
Mountain Water Rat (B. habbema) · Shaw Mayer's Water Rat (B. shawmayeri)
Crossomys
Earless Water Rat (C. moncktoni)
Hydromys
(Water rats)
Rakali (H. chrysogaster) · Western Water Rat (H. hussoni) · New Britain Water Rat (H. neobrittanicus) · Ziegler's Water Rat (H. ziegleri)
Microhydromys
Southern Groove-toothed Shrew Mouse (M. argenteus) · Tags:Animalia,Chordata,Rodentia,Muridae,Murinae,Field Mice,Crops, | |
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