Latin alphabet Photos:

Latin alphabet
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Latin alphabet
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Latin alphabet
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Latin alphabet
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Latin alphabet Basic Informations:

Origins
3> It is generally believed that the Romans adopted the Cumae alphabet, a variant of the Greek alphabet, in the 7th century BC from Cumae, a Greek colony in Southern Italy. (Gaius Julius Hyginus in Fab. 277 mentions the legend that it was Carmenta, the Cimmerian Sibyl, who altered fifteen letters of the Greek alphabet to become the Latin alphabet, which her son Evander introduced into Latium, supposedly 60 years before the Trojan War, but there is no historically sound basis to this tale.) The Ancient Greek alphabet was in turn based upon the Phoenician alphabet. From the Cumae alphabet, the Etruscan alphabet was derived and the Romans eventually adopted 21 of the original 26 Etruscan letters: Archaic Latin alphabet 𐌀 𐌁 𐌂 𐌃 𐌄 𐌅 𐌆 𐌇 𐌈 𐌉 𐌊 𐌋 𐌌 𐌍 𐌎 𐌏 𐌐 𐌑 𐌒 𐌓 𐌔 𐌕 𐌖 𐌗 𐌘 𐌙 𐌜 𐌚 A B C D E F Z H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X The letter ⟨C⟩ was the western form of the Greek gamma, but it was used for the sounds /ɡ/ and /k/ alike, possibly under the influence of Etruscan, which lacked any voiced plosives. Later, probably during the 3rd century BC, the letter ⟨Z⟩ — unneeded to write Latin properly — was replaced with the new letter ⟨G⟩, a ⟨C⟩ modified with a small vertical stroke, which took its place in the alphabet. From then on, ⟨G⟩ represented the voiced plosive /ɡ/, while ⟨C⟩ was generally reserved for the voiceless plosive /k/. The letter ⟨K⟩ was used only rarely, in a small number of words such as Kalendae, often interchangeably with ⟨C⟩. After the Roman conquest of Greece in the 1st century BC, Latin adopted the Greek letters ⟨Y⟩ and ⟨Z⟩ (or readopted, in the latter case) to write Greek loanwords, placing them at the end of the alphabet. An attempt by the emperor Claudius to introduce three additional letters did not last. Thus it was that during the classical Latin period the Latin alphabet contained 23 letters: Classical Latin alphabet Letter A B C D E F G H Latin name ā bē cē dē ē ef gē hā Latin Pronunciation (IPA) /aː/ /beː/ /keː/ /deː/ /eː/ /ɛf/ /ɡeː/ /haː/   Letter I K L M N O P Q Latin name ī kā el em en ō pē qū Latin Pronunciation (IPA) /iː/ /kaː/ /ɛl/ /ɛm/ /ɛn/ /oː/ /peː/ /kʷuː/   Letter R S T V X Y Z   Latin name er es tē ū ex ī Graeca zēta Latin Pronunciation (IPA) /ɛr/ /ɛs/ /teː/ /uː/ /ɛks/ /iː ˈɡrajka/ /ˈzeːta/ The Duenos inscription, dated to the 6th century BC, shows the earliest known forms of the Old Latin alphabet. The Latin names of some of these letters are disputed. In general, however, the Romans did not use the traditional (Semitic-derived) names as in Greek: the names of the plosives were formed by adding /eː/ to their sound (except for ⟨K⟩ and ⟨Q⟩, which needed different vowels to be distinguished from ⟨C⟩) and the names of the continuants consisted either of the bare sound, or the sound preceded by /e/. The letter ⟨Y⟩ when introduced was probably called "hy" /hyː/ as in Greek, the name upsilon not being in use yet, but this was changed to "i Graeca" (Greek i) as Latin speakers had difficulty distinguishing its foreign sound /y/ from /i/. ⟨Z⟩ was given its Greek name, zeta. For the Latin sounds represented by the various letters see Latin spelling and pronunciation; for the names of the letters in English see English alphabet. Old Roman cursive script, also called majuscule cursive and capitalis cursive, was the everyday form of handwriting used for writing letters, by merchants writing business accounts, by schoolchildren learning the Latin alphabet, and even emperors issuing commands. A more formal style of writing was based on Roman square capitals, but cursive was used for quicker, informal writing. It was most commonly used from about the 1st century BC to the 3rd century, but it probably existed earlier than that. It led to Uncial, a majuscule script commonly used from the 3rd to 8th centuries AD by Latin and Greek scribes. New Roman cursive script, also known as minuscule cursive, was in use from the 3rd century to the 7th century, and uses letter forms that are more recognizable to modern eyes; ⟨a⟩, ⟨b⟩, ⟨d⟩, and ⟨e⟩ had taken a more familiar shape, and the other letters were proportionate to each other. This script evolved into the medieval scripts known as Merovingian and Carolingian minuscule. [edit]

Tags:Alphabet,Latin,Phoenician Alphabet,Greek Alphabet,Phoenician,Greek,Etruscan,Etruscan Alphabet,English Alphabet,Letter,Romans,Cumae Alphabet,Cumae,Greek Colony,Southern Italy,Gaius Julius Hyginus,Carmenta,Cimmerian Sibyl,Evander,Trojan War,Gamma,Plosives,Voiced,Kalendae,Greece,Claudius,Additional Letters,Classical Latin,A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,V,X,Y,Ipa,Duenos Inscription,Old Latin,Semitic,Continuants,Upsilon,Zeta,Latin Spelling And Pronunciation,Old Roman Cursive,Majuscule,Emperors,Roman Square Capitals,Uncial,New Roman Cursive,Minuscule,Merovingian,Carolingian Minuscule,W,U,J,Vowels,Style Of Writing,Modi,Mon,
Medieval and later developments
3> Jeton from Nuremberg, ca. 1553 De chalco graphiae inventio (1541, Mainz) with the 23 letters. W, U and J are missing. It was not until the Middle Ages that the letter ⟨W⟩ (originally a ligature of two ⟨V⟩s) was added to the Latin alphabet, to represent sounds from the Germanic languages which did not exist in medieval Latin, and only after the Renaissance did the convention of treating ⟨I⟩ and ⟨U⟩ as vowels, and ⟨J⟩ and ⟨V⟩ as consonants, become established. Prior to that, the former had been merely allographs of the latter. With the fragmentation of political power, the style of writing changed and varied greatly throughout the Middle Ages, even after the invention of the printing press. Early deviations from the classical forms were the uncial script, a development of the Old Roman cursive, and various so-called minuscule scripts that developed from New Roman cursive, of which the Carolingian minuscule was the most influential, introducing the lower case forms of the letters, as well as other writing conventions that have since become standard. The languages that use the Latin script today generally use capital letters to begin paragraphs and sentences and proper nouns. The rules for capitalization have changed over time, and different languages have varied in their rules for capitalization. Old English, for example, was rarely written with even proper nouns capitalized; whereas Modern English of the 18th century had frequently all nouns capitalized, in the same way that Modern German is written today, e.g. "Alle Schwestern der alten Stadt hatten die Vögel gesehen" (All of the Sisters of the old City had seen the Birds). [edit]

Tags:Latin Script,Middle Ages,Germanic,Medieval Latin,Lower Case,Jeton,Nuremberg,Mainz,Ligature,Germanic Languages,Renaissance,Consonants,Allographs,Printing Press,Uncial Script,Capital Letters,Capitalization,Old English,Modern English,German,
Spread
3> Main article: Latin script The Latin alphabet spread, along with the Latin language, from the Italian Peninsula to the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea with the expansion of the Roman Empire. The eastern half of the Empire, including Greece, Turkey, the Levant, and Egypt, continued to use Greek as a lingua franca, but Latin was widely spoken in the western half, and as the western Romance languages evolved out of Latin, they continued to use and adapt the Latin alphabet. With the spread of Western Christianity during the Middle Ages, the script was gradually adopted by the peoples of northern Europe who spoke Celtic languages (displacing the Ogham alphabet) or Germanic languages (displacing earlier Runic alphabets), Baltic languages, as well as by the speakers of several Uralic languages, most notably Hungarian, Finnish and Estonian. The alphabet also came into use for writing the West Slavic languages and several South Slavic languages, as the people who spoke them adopted Roman Catholicism. [edit]

Tags:Runic,Ogham,Latin Language,Romance Languages,Celtic,Baltic,Slavic Languages,Italian Peninsula,Mediterranean Sea,Roman Empire,Turkey,Levant,Egypt,Lingua Franca,Western Christianity,Northern Europe,Celtic Languages,Runic Alphabets,Baltic Languages,Uralic Languages,Hungarian,Finnish,Estonian,West Slavic Languages,South Slavic Languages,Roman Catholicism,
See also
2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Latin alphabet Alphabets derived from the Latin Beghilos (Calculator spelling) Calligraphy Collation Euboean alphabet Keyboard layout Latin characters in Unicode Latin-1 Legacy of the Roman Empire List of Latin letters Palaeography Penmanship Phoenician alphabet Pinyin Roman letters used in mathematics Typography Western Latin character sets (computing) [edit]

Tags:Latin Characters In Unicode,Alphabets Derived From The Latin,Beghilos,Calligraphy,Collation,Euboean Alphabet,Keyboard Layout,Latin-1,Legacy Of The Roman Empire,List Of Latin Letters,Palaeography,Penmanship,Pinyin,Roman Letters Used In Mathematics,Typography,Western Latin Character Sets (computing),
Further reading
2> Jensen, Hans (1970). Sign Symbol and Script. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. ISBN 0-04-400021-9. . Transl. of Jensen, Hans (1958). Die Schrift in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften. , as revised by the author Rix, Helmut (1993). "La scrittura e la lingua". In Cristofani, Mauro (hrsg.). Gli etruschi - Una nuova immagine. Firenze: Giunti. pp. S.199–227.  Sampson, Geoffrey (1985). Writing systems. London (etc.): Hutchinson.  Wachter, Rudolf (1987). Altlateinische Inschriften: sprachliche und epigraphische Untersuchungen zu den Dokumenten bis etwa 150 v.Chr. Bern (etc.). : Peter Lang. W. Sidney Allen (1978). "The names of the letters of the Latin alphabet (Appendix C)". Vox Latina — a guide to the pronunciation of classical Latin. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22049-1 (Second edition).  Biktaş, Şamil (2003). Tuğan Tel.  [edit]

Tags:Rix, Helmut,Cambridge University Press,Writing Systems,
External links
2> Lewis and Short Latin Dictionary on the letter G Latin-Alphabet Latin alphabet at omniglot.com v d e Types of writing systems Overview History of writing Grapheme Lists Writing systems undeciphered inventors Languages by writing system / by first written accounts   Types   Abjads Numerals Aramaic Arabic Pitman shorthand Hebrew Jawi Nabataean Pahlavi Pegon Phoenician Proto-Canaanite Psalter Samaritan South Arabian Sogdian Syriac Tifinagh Ugaritic   Abugidas Brahmic Ahom Balinese Batak Baybayin Brāhmī Buhid Burmese Chakma Cham Devanāgarī Dhives Akuru Assamese/Bengali Grantha Gujarati Gupta Gurmukhī Hanunó'o Javanese Kadamba Kaithi Kalinga Kannada Khmer Lanna Lao Lepcha Limbu Lontara Malayalam Meitei Mayek Mithilakshar Modi Mon Nāgarī Nepali Old Kawi Oriya Pallava 'Phags-pa Ranjana Rejang Rencong Śāradā Saurashtra Sinhala Siddhaṃ Soyombo Sundanese Sylheti Nagari Tagbanwa Tai Dam Tai Le Takri Tamil Telugu Thai Tibetan Tocharian Varang Kshiti Others Boyd's syllabic shorthand Canadian Aboriginal Ge'ez Japanese braille Kharoṣṭhī Meroitic Pollard Sorang Sompeng Tāna Thomas Natural Shorthand   Alphabets Linear Armenian Avestan Bassa Vah Borama Coptic Cyrillic Deseret Duployan shorthand Eclectic shorthand Elbasan Fraser Gabelsberger shorthand Georgian Glagolitic Gothic Gregg shorthand Greek Greco-Iberian alphabet Hangul International Phonetic Kaddare Latin Manchu Mandaic Mongolian Neo-Tifinagh New Tai Lue N'Ko Ogham Ol Chiki Old Hungarian Old Italic Old Permic Orkhon Osmanya Runic Shavian alphabet Visible Speech Vithkuqi Non-linear Braille Hebrew Korean Maritime flags Morse code New York Point Semaphore line Flag semaphore Moon type   Ideo/Pictograms Aztec Blissymbol DanceWriting Dongba Míkmaq New Epoch Notation Painting Nsibidi SignWriting   Logograms Chinese Traditional Simplified Hanja Hán tự Kanji Chinese-based Chữ Nôm Jurchen Khitan large script Tangut Zhuang Other logo-syllabic Anatolian Cuneiform Maya Yi Logo-consonantal Demotic Hieratic Hieroglyphs Numerals Hindu-Arabic Abjad Greek (Attic) Roman   Semi-syllabaries Full Celtiberian Northeastern Iberian Southeastern Iberian Redundant Southwest Paleohispanic Pahawh Hmong Zhùyīn fúhào Khitan small script   Syllabaries Afaka Cherokee Cypriot Geba Hiragana Katakana Kikakui Kpelle Linear B Man'yōgana Nüshu Old Persian Cuneiform Vai Woleai Yi Yugtun Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin_alphabet&oldid=475332120" Categories: Latin alphabetTypography Personal tools Log in / create account Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history Actions Search

Tags:Cyrillic,Coptic,Armenian,Ugaritic,Proto-canaanite,Samaritan,Aramaic,Kharoṣṭhī,Brāhmī,Hebrew,Pahlavi,Avestan,Syriac,Sogdian,Orkhon,Old Hungarian,Mongolian,Nabataean,Arabic,Mandaic,Gothic,Georgian,Glagolitic,Paleohispanic,Meroitic,Hangul,Chinese,

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