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| Historic mentions | |
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Andium (?) 4e C.[14]
insula Gersoi 1022/1026.[15]
insula Gerseii, var. Gersey, Gersei, Gersoii 1042.[16]
Gersus ~1070.[17]
insula de Gerzoi 1080/~1082.[18]
insula de Gersoi 1066/1083.[19]
insula Gersoi 1066/1083.[20]
l'isle de Gersui 1160/1174.[21]
in Gersoio 1223/1236.[22]
Gersuy 1339.[23]
Gersui 1339.[24]
insula de Jersey 1372.[25]
insula de Jereseye 1372.[26]
insula de Gersey 1386.[27]
insula […] de Jersey 1419.[28]
Iarsay [read Jarsay] 1585.[29]
Jarsey 1693.[30]
Jerzey 1753.[31]
Isle de Gersey 1753/1785.[32]
Jerry 1829.[33]
Ile de Jersey 1854.[34]
[edit] Tags:Je,/, | |
| Etymology | |
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The Channel Islands are mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary as following : Sarnia, Caesarea, Barsa, Silia and Andium, but Jersey cannot be identified specifically because none correspond directly to the present names. [35] Furthermore, later records evoke Angia (also spelled Agna ).[36]
Andium is a Latinized version of the Gaulish (Celtic) *Andion, with and- the Gaulish intensive prefix meaning "very", "much", "big". Andium roughly translates as "big Island", Jersey being the largest of the Channel Islands. The spelling Angia could be an ultimate development of *Andia.
Some others identify it as Caesarea, a late recorded Roman name influenced by the Old English suffix -ey for "island";[37][38] this is plausible if, in the regional pronunciation of Latin, Caesarea was not [kaisarea] but [tʃeːsarea]. Another theory is that the variation of the "J" sound today could be connected with phonetical cousins "g" and "k" (International_Phonetic_Alphabet) through variable pronunciations based on similar spelling. Theoretically, if Caesarea was originally pronounced with a "k", that may have naturally developed into a "g" sound for locals (or foreigners), making Gersei, Gersoi, or the other spellings relatable. Because "g" is pronounced as both a hard glutteral "g" as in "go" or a soft "j" as in "gym" or "gem", the spelling of Jersey could be a result of the variance in its pronunciation.
Angia could be a misspelling for *Augia, that is the Latinized form of Germanic *aujō (> Old English ī(e)ġ > is-land).[39]), that could have extended before the Viking Age along the coast of France, as for île d'Yeu (Augia, Insula Oya) or Oye-Plage (Ogia 7th C.) and constitutes the suffix -ey in Jersey, Guernsey (Greneroi), Alderney (Alneroi) and Chausey (Calsoi).[40] Chausey can be compared with Cholsey (GB, Berkshire, Ċeolesiġ 891), interpreted by Eilert Ekwall[41] as "Ċeola 's island".
These -ey names could have been reinforced by the Viking heritage, because -ey is similar, so that it is possible to interpret the first part of the toponym as an Old Norse element. The source of it is unclear. Scholars surmise it derives from jarð (Old Norse for "earth") or jarl (earl), or perhaps a personal name, Geirr ("Geirr's Island").[42]
[edit] Tags:Channel Islands,Old English,Pronunciation Of Latin,[tʃeːsarea],Viking Age,île D'yeu,Guernsey,Alderney,Chausey,Cholsey,Eilert Ekwall,Old Norse,Jarl,Roman,Viking, | |
| History | |
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Main article: History of Jersey
Jersey history is influenced by its strategic location between the northern coast of France and the southern coast of England; the island's recorded history extends over a thousand years.
Evidence of Bronze Age and early Iron Age settlements can be found in many locations around the island. Archaeological evidence of Roman influence has been found, in particular the coastal headland site at Le Pinacle, Les Landes, where remains of a primitive structure are attributed to Gallo-roman temple worship (fanum).[43] Evidence for settled Roman occupation has yet to be established[dubious – discuss].
Jersey was part of Neustria with the same Gallo-Frankish population as the continental mainland. Jersey, the whole Channel Islands and the Cotentin peninsula (probably with the Avranchin) came formerly under the control of the duke of Brittany during the Viking invasions, because the king of the Franks was unable to defend them, however they remained in the archbishopric of Rouen. Jersey was invaded by Vikings in the ninth century, and was eventually annexed to the future Duchy of Normandy, together with the other Channel Islands, Cotentin and Avranchin, by William Longsword, count of Rouen in 933 and it became one of the Norman Islands. When William's descendant, William the Conqueror, conquered England in 1066, the Duchy of Normandy and the kingdom of England were governed under one monarch.[44] The Dukes of Normandy owned considerable estates in the island, and Norman families living on their estates established many of the historical Norman-French Jersey family names. King John lost all his territories in mainland Normandy in 1204 to King Philip II Augustus, but retained possession of Jersey and the other Channel Islands. The islands have been internally self-governing since then.[45]
Islanders travelled across the North Atlantic to participate in the Newfoundland fisheries in the late 16th century.[46] In recognition for help given to him during his exile in Jersey in the 1640s, Charles II gave George Carteret, bailiff and governor, a large grant of land in the American colonies in between the Hudson and Delaware rivers which he promptly named New Jersey. It is now a state in the United States of America.[47][48]
On 6 January 1781, a French invasion force of 2,000 men (of whom half didn't arrive) landed to take over the island. The battle by 9,000 men to defend the Island, although touch-and-go, and decisive, only lasted about half an hour. There were about thirty casualties on each side, and 600 French prisoners were taken. Both commanders were slain.[49]
Trade laid the foundations of prosperity, aided by neutrality between England and France.[50] The Jersey way of life involved agriculture, milling, fishing, shipbuilding, and production of woollen goods. 19th century improvements in transport links brought tourism to the island.
During World War II, Jersey was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1 July 1940 until 9 May 1945, when Germany surrendered.[51] During this time the Germans constructed many fortifications using Russian slave labour. After 1944 supplies from mainland France were interrupted by the D-Day landings and food on the island became scarce. The SS Vega was sent to the island carrying Red Cross supplies and news of the success of the Allied advance in Europe. The Channel Islands were one of the last places in Europe to be liberated.
[edit] Tags:French,Duke,6th,Normandy,Bronze Age,Iron Age,Archaeological,Fanum,Cotentin Peninsula,Avranchin,Duchy Of Normandy,William Longsword,Count Of Rouen,William The Conqueror,Conquered England,King John,Newfoundland,Fisheries,Charles Ii,George Carteret,American Colonies,Hudson,Delaware,United States Of America,Milling,Occupied By Nazi Germany,Bailiff, | |
| Politics | |
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The States building in St. Helier.
Main article: Politics of Jersey
Jersey's unicameral legislature is the Assembly of the States of Jersey. It includes fifty-one elected members: ten senators (elected on an island-wide basis), twelve Connétables (often called 'constables', heads of parishes) and twenty-nine deputies (representing constituencies), all elected for four year terms as from the October 2011 elections.[52] There are also five non-voting members appointed by the Crown: the Bailiff, the Lieutenant Governor of Jersey, the Dean of Jersey, the Attorney General and Solicitor General.[53]
The government is a Council of Ministers, consisting of a Chief Minister and nine ministers.[54] Each minister may appoint up to two assistant ministers.[55] A Chief Executive is head of the civil service.[56] Some government functions are carried out in the island's twelve parishes.
The Bailiff is President (presiding officer) of the States Assembly,[57] head of the judiciary and as civic head of the island carries out various ceremonial roles.
As one of the Crown Dependencies, Jersey is autonomous and self-governing, with its own independent legal, administrative and fiscal systems.[58] In 1973, the Royal Commission on the Constitution set out the duties of the Crown as including: ultimate responsibility for the 'good government' of the Crown Dependencies; ratification of island legislation by Order in Council (Royal Assent); international representation, subject to consultation with the island authorities before concluding any agreement which would apply to them; ensuring the islands meet their international obligations; and defence.[59]
Elizabeth II's traditional title as Head of State is Duke of Normandy.[60] "The Crown" is defined by the Law Officers of the Crown as the "Crown in right of Jersey".[61] The Queen's representative and adviser in the island is the Lieutenant Governor of Jersey. He is a point of contact between Jersey ministers and the United Kingdom government and carries out executive functions in relation to immigration control, deportation, naturalisation and the issue of passports.[62] Since September 2011, the incumbent Lieutenant Governor has been General Sir John McColl.
[edit] Tags:Elizabeth Ii,United Kingdom,Unicameral,Connétables,Royal Commission On The Constitution,Head Of State,Duke Of Normandy,John Mccoll, | |
| Legal system | |
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Main article: Law of Jersey
Jersey is a distinct jurisdiction for the purposes of conflict of laws, separate from the other Channel Islands, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.[63]
Jersey law has been influenced by several different legal traditions, in particular Norman customary law, English common law and modern French civil law.[64] Jersey's legal system is therefore described as 'mixed' or 'pluralistic', and sources of law are in French and English languages, although since the 1950s the main working language of the legal system is English.
The principal court is the Royal Court, with appeals to the Jersey Court of Appeal and, ultimately, to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The Bailiff is head of the judiciary; the Bailiff and the Deputy Bailiff are appointed by the Crown. Other members of the island's judiciary are appointed by the Bailiff.
[edit] Tags:Jurisdiction,Conflict Of Laws,Norman Customary Law, | |
| Parishes | |
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Main article: Parishes of Jersey
The parishes of Jersey
Administratively, Jersey is divided into twelve parishes. All border on the sea. They were named after the Christian saints to whom their ancient parish churches were dedicated:
Grouville (historically Saint Martin de Grouville; incorporating Les Minquiers)
Saint Brélade
Saint Clément
Saint Helier
Saint John
Saint Lawrence
Saint Martin (historically Saint Martin le Vieux; incorporating Les Écréhous)
Saint Mary
Saint Ouen
Saint Peter
Saint Saviour
Trinity
The parishes of Jersey are further divided into vingtaines (or, in St. Ouen, cueillettes), divisions that are historic. Today they are used chiefly for purposes of local administration and electoral constituency.
The Connétable is the head of each parish, elected at a public election for a four-year term to run the parish and to represent the municipality in the Assembly of the States of Jersey. The Procureur du Bien Public (two in each parish) is the legal and financial representative of the parish (elected at a public election since 2003 in accordance with the Public Elections (Amendment) (Jersey) Law 2003; formerly an Assembly of Electors of each parish elected the Procureurs in accordance with the Loi (1804) au sujet des assemblées paroissiales). A Procureur du Bien Public is elected for three years as a public trustee for the funds and property of the parish and may contract when authorised by a Parish Assembly. The Parish Assembly is the decision-making body of local government in each parish; it consists of all entitled voters of the parish.
Each parish elects its own force of Honorary Police consisting of Centeniers, Vingteniers and Constable's Officers. Centeniers are elected at a public election within each parish for a term of three years to undertake policing within the parish. The Centenier is the only officer authorised to charge and bail offenders. Formerly, the senior Centenier of each parish (entitled the Chef de Police) deputised for the Connétable in the States of Jersey when the Connétable was unable to attend a sitting of the States. This function has now been abolished.
[edit] Tags:Minquiers,Écréhous, | |
| International relations | |
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Jersey Airport greets travellers with "Welcome to Jersey" sign in Jèrriais.
Although diplomatic representation is reserved to the Crown, Jersey has been developing its own international identity over recent years. It negotiates directly with foreign governments on matters within the competence of the States of Jersey. Jersey maintains the Bureau de Jersey in Caen, France, a permanent non-diplomatic representation, with a branch office in Rennes. A similar office, the Maison de Normandie in St. Helier, represents the Conseil général of Manche and the Conseil régional of Basse-Normandie. It hosts the Consulate of France.
Jersey is a member of the British-Irish Council, the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association and the Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie. Jersey wants to become a full member of the Commonwealth in its own right.[65]
[edit] Tags:Jèrriais,Irish, | |
| International identity | |
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In 2007, the Chief Minister and the UK Lord Chancellor signed an agreement[11] that established a framework for the development of the international identity of Jersey. The agreement stated that:
the UK has no democratic accountability in and for Jersey;
the UK will not act internationally on behalf of Jersey without prior consultation;
Jersey has an international identity that is different from that of the UK;
the UK recognises that the interests of Jersey may differ from those of the UK, and the UK will seek to represent any differing interests when acting in an international capacity; and
the UK and Jersey will work together to resolve or clarify any differences that may arise between their respective interests.
In January 2011, the Chief Minister designated one of his assistant ministers as having responsibility for external relations; he is now often described as the island's 'foreign minister'.[66]
Tax information exchange agreements (TIEAs) have been signed directly by the island with several countries, including: the United States of America (2002); the Netherlands (2007); Denmark, the Faroes, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Sweden and Norway (2008); the United Kingdom, France, Australia and New Zealand (2009); Portugal (2010); People's Republic of China, Turkey, Mexico, Canada, Indonesia, Czech Republic, South Africa, Argentina, and India (2011).[67]
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| Relationship with the European Union | |
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See also: Special member state territories and the European Union
Jersey is neither a Member State nor an Associate Member of European Union. It does, however, have a relationship with the EU governed by Protocol 3 to the UK’s Treaty of Accession in 1972.[68] Protocol 3 and other relevant treaty provisions are made part of Jersey Law by the European Communities (Jersey) Law 1973.[69] The relationship between the Channel Islands and the EU cannot be changed without the unanimous agreement of all Member States and Island authorities.[70]
Under Protocol 3, Jersey is part of the European Union Customs Union of the European Community. The common customs tariff, levies and other agricultural import measures apply to trade between the island and non-Member States. There is free movement of goods and trade between the island and Member States. EU rules on freedom of movement for workers do not apply in Jersey.[71] Nor is Jersey part of the single market in financial services. It is not required to implement EU Directives on such matters as movement of capital, company law or money laundering. Jersey plans to incorporate such measures where appropriate, with particular regard to the island's commitment to meeting international standards of financial regulation and countering money laundering and terrorist financing.
British citizens who have only a connection to Jersey, and not with the United Kingdom or another Member state of the European Union, are not considered to be European Union citizens.[72] They have 'Islander status' and their Jersey-issued British passports are endorsed with the words 'the holder is not entitled to benefit from EU provisions relating to employment or establishment'.[73]
Jersey residents do not have a right to vote in elections for the European Parliament. Jersey and Guernsey jointly opened an office in Brussels in 2010 to promote their common interests with European Union institutions.[74] Jersey is particularly concerned about European Union legislation and reforms that may affect its trading partners in international financial centres round the world.
[edit] Tags:European Union, | |
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