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| Centum-Satem isogloss | |
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Main article: Centum-Satem isogloss
The Centum-Satem isogloss of the Indo-European language family relates to the different evolution of the dorsal consonants of Proto-Indo-European (PIE). In the standard reconstruction, three series of dorsals are recognised:
Labiovelars:
*kʷ,
*gʷ,
*gʷʰ
Velars:
*k,
*g,
*gʰ
Palatals:
*ḱ,
*ǵ,
*ǵʰ
In some branches (for example Greek, Italic and Germanic), the palatals fell together with the velars: PIE *keup- "tremble (inwardly)" became Latin cupiō "desire" and *ḱm̥tom "hundred" became Latin centum (pronounced [kentum]); but *kʷo- "interrogative pronoun" became quō "how? where?". These branches are known as Centum branches, named after the Latin word for hundred.
In other branches (for example Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian), the labiovelars fell together with the velars: PIE *keup- became Vedic Sanskrit kopáyati "shaken" and *kʷo- became Avestan kō "who?"; but *ḱm̥tom became Avestan satəm. These branches are known as Satem branches, named after the Avestan word for hundred.[1][2]
[edit] Tags:Centum-satem Isogloss,Edit,Indo-european Language,Dorsal Consonants,Proto-indo-european,Labiovelars,Velars,Palatals,Greek,Italic,Germanic,Latin,Interrogative Pronoun,Balto-slavic,Indo-iranian,Vedic Sanskrit,Avestan,Article, | |
| North-Midland isogloss (American English) | |
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A major isogloss in American English has been identified as the North-Midland isogloss, which demarcates numerous linguistic features, including the Northern Cities vowel shift: regions north of the line (including Western New York; Cleveland, Ohio; lower Michigan; northern Illinois; and eastern Wisconsin) have the shift, while regions south of the line (including Pennsylvania, central and southern Ohio, and most of Indiana) do not.
[edit] Tags:Linguistic,Vowel,American English,North,Midland,Northern Cities Vowel Shift,Western New York,Cleveland, Ohio,Lower Michigan,Illinois,Wisconsin,Pennsylvania,Ohio,Indiana, | |
| Northwest Semitic | |
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This section needs attention from an expert on the subject. See the talk page for details. WikiProject Linguistics or the Linguistics Portal may be able to help recruit an expert. (December 2009)
A feature of the ancient Northwest Semitic languages is the following: w- > y- (w becomes y at the beginning of a word). Thus, in Proto-Semitic and subsequent non-Northwest Semitic languages and dialects, the root letters for a word for "child" were w-l-d. However, in the ancient Northwest Semitic languages, the word was y-l-d, that is, with w- > y-.
Similarly, Proto-Semitic ā (long a) becomes ō (long o) in the Canaanite dialects of Northwest Semitic.[3] Note that within the Aramaic languages and dialects of Northwest Semitic, the historic ā is preserved. Thus, an ancient Northwest Semitic language in which historic ā becomes ō can be classed as part of the Canaanite branch of Northwest Semitic.
Such features can be used as data of fundamental importance for the purposes of linguistic classification.
[edit] Tags:Talk Page,Wikiproject Linguistics,Linguistics Portal,Northwest Semitic Languages,Proto-semitic,Semitic Languages,Root Letters,Canaanite Dialects,Aramaic Languages,Aramaic,Dialect,Talk,Help, | |
| Isographs | |
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Just as there are distinguishing features of related languages, there are also distinguishing features of related scripts (for a discussion of writing systems, see The World's Writing Systems[4]).
For example, a distinguishing feature of the ancient Old Hebrew script (i.e., Iron Age Old Hebrew script) is the fact that the letters bet, dalet, 'ayin, and resh do not have an open head, while Aramaic of the same period has open-headed forms. Similarly, the bet of Old Hebrew has a distinctive stance (namely, leans to the right), while the bet of the Aramaic and Phoenician script series has a different stance (namely, both of these lean to the left).
Recently, Christopher Rollston has suggested using the term isograph to designate a feature of the script that distinguishes it from a related script series (e.g., a feature that distinguishes the script of Old Hebrew from Old Aramaic and Phoenician, etc.).[5]
[edit] Tags:Writing Systems,Hebrew Script,Iron Age,Phoenician Script, | |
| Etymology | |
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The term isogloss (Ancient Greek ἴσος ísos "equal, similar" and γλῶσσα glōssa "tongue, dialect, language") is inspired by contour lines or isopleths such as isobar. However, the isogloss separates rather than connects points of equal language. Consequently, it has been proposed that the term heterogloss (ἕτερος héteros "other") be used instead.[6]
[edit] Tags:Contour Lines,Isobar, | |
| References | |
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^ Fortson IV, Benjamin W. (2004). Indo-European Language and Culture. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 52–54. ISBN 1-4051-0316-7.
^ Rix, Helmut (2001). Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben. Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. p. 359. ISBN 3-89500-219-4.
^ Garr, W. Randall (2 June 2008). Dialect Geography of Syria-Palestine: 1000-586 BCE. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 1575060914.
^ Daniels, Peter; Bright, William, eds (8 February 1996). The World's Writing Systems. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195079930.
^ Rollston, Christopher A. (2006). "Scribal Education in Ancient Israel: The Old Hebrew Epigraphic Evidence". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 344: 47–74.
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (2000). Language History. Current issues in linguistic theory. 191. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing. p. 170. ISBN 90-272-3698-4.
[edit] Tags:Rix, Helmut, | |
| Bibliography | |
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Chambers, J.K.; Trudgill, Peter (28 December 1998). Dialectology. Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521596467.
Woodard, Roger D. (31 May 2004). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521562562.
[edit] Tags:Dialectology,Cambridge University Press, | |
| External links | |
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An example of an isogloss in Southern England.
Beyond the Isogloss: The Isograph in Dialect Topography: A discussion of the shortcomings and oversimplifications of using isoglosses.
On Some Acoustic Correlates of Isoglossy: A humorous analysis of Russian isoglossy.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isogloss&oldid=474329313"
Categories: Historical linguisticsDialectologyIsoglossesLanguage comparisonHidden categories: Linguistics articles needing expert attentionArticles needing expert attention from December 2009All articles needing expert attentionArticles containing Ancient Greek language text
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Tags:Historical Linguistics,Categories,Language Comparison,Linguistics Articles Needing Expert Attention,Articles Needing Expert Attention From December 2009,All Articles Needing Expert Attention,Articles Containing Ancient Greek Language Text, | |
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