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| Genesis of tax codes in the United States | |
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Prior to 1874, U.S. statutes (whether in tax law or other subjects) were not codified. That is, they were not set forth in one comprehensive subject matter title, but were instead contained in the various acts passed by Congress. Codifications of statutes, including tax statutes, undertaken in 1873 resulted in the Revised Statutes of the United States, approved June 22, 1874, effective for the laws in force as of December 1, 1873. Title 35 of the Revised Statutes was the Internal revenue title. Another codification was undertaken in 1878.
In 1919, a committee of the U.S. House of Representatives began a project to recodify U.S. statutes, which eventually resulted in a new United States Code in 1926 (including tax statutes).
[edit] Tags:Revenue,United States,United States Code,Revised Statutes Of The United States, | |
| Internal Revenue Code of 1939 | |
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The tax statutes were re-codified by an Act of Congress on February 10, 1939 as the "Internal Revenue Code" (later known as the "Internal Revenue Code of 1939"). The 1939 Code was published as volume 53, Part I, of the United States Statutes at Large and as title 26 of the United States Code. Subsequent permanent tax laws enacted by the United States Congress updated and amended the 1939 Code.
[edit] Tags:United States Statutes At Large,United States Congress,Title 26 Of The United States Code, | |
| Internal Revenue Code of 1954 | |
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On August 16, 1954, in connection with a general overhaul of the Internal Revenue Service, the IRC was greatly reorganized by the 83rd United States Congress and expanded (by Chapter 736, Pub.L. 83-591). Ward M. Hussey was the principal drafter of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954. The code was published in volume 68A of the United States Statutes at Large. To prevent confusion with the 1939 Code, the new version was thereafter referred to as the "Internal Revenue Code of 1954" and the prior version as the "Internal Revenue Code of 1939". The lettering and numbering of subtitles, sections, etc., was completely changed. For example, section 22 of the 1939 Code (defining gross income) was roughly analogous to section 61 of the 1954 Code. The 1954 Code replaced the 1939 Code as title 26 of the United States Code.
The 1954 Code temporarily extended the Revenue Act of 1951's 5 percentage point increase in corporate tax rates through March 31, 1955, increased depreciation deductions by providing additional depreciation schedules, and created a 4 percent dividend tax credit for individuals.
[edit] Tags:Internal Revenue Service,Corporate Tax,83rd United States Congress,Pub.l.,Ward M. Hussey,Revenue Act Of 1951,Depreciation, | |
| Relationship to Title 26 of the United States Code | |
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The Internal Revenue Code of 1954 was enacted in the form of a separate code by act of August 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 1. The Tax Reform Act of 1986[2] changed the name of the 1954 Code to the “Internal Revenue Code of 1986”. The Internal Revenue Code is separately published as Title 26 of the United States Code. The text of the Internal Revenue Code as published in title 26 of the U.S. Code is identical to the Internal Revenue Code as published in the various volumes of the United States Statutes at Large.[3] Of the 50 enacted titles, the Internal Revenue Code is the only volume that has been published in the form of a separate code.
[edit] Tags:Tax Reform,Tax Reform Act Of 1986, | |
| Progressivity of the 1954 Code | |
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With respect to the Federal income tax on individuals, the 1954 Code imposed a progressive tax with 24 income brackets applying to tax rates ranging from 20% to 91%. For example, the following is a schedule showing the Federal marginal income tax rate imposed on each level of taxable income of a single (unmarried) individual under the 1954 Code:
Income level
Tax rate
2008 PPC Adjusted Income [2]
up to $2,000.00
20%
up to $37,500.00
$2,000.01 - $4,000.00
22%
$37,500 - 75,000
$4,000.01 - $6,000.00
26%
$75,000 - 112,500
$6,000.01 - $8,000.00
30%
$112,500 - 150,000
$8,000.01 - $10,000.00
34%
$150,000 - 187,500
$10,000.01 - $12,000.00
38%
$187,500 - 225,000
$12,000.01 - $14,000.00
43%
$225,000 - 262,500
$14,000.01 - $16,000.00
47%
$262,500 - 300,000
$16,000.01 - $18,000.00
50%
$300,000 - 337,500
$18,000.01 - $20,000.00
53%
$337,500 - 375,000
$20,000.01 - $22,000.00
56%
$375,000 - 412,500
$22,000.01 - $26,000.00
59%
$412,500 - 487,500
$26,000.01 - $32,000.00
62%
$487,500 - 600,000
$32,000.01 - $38,000.00
65%
$600,000 - 712,500
$38,000.01 - $44,000.00
69%
$712,500 - 825,000
$44,000.01 - $50,000.00
72%
$825,000 - 937,500
$50,000.01 - $60,000.00
75%
$937,500 - 1,125,000
$60,000.01 - $70,000.00
78%
$1,125,000 - 1,312,500
$70,000.01 - $80,000.00
81%
$1,312,500 - 1,500,000
$80,000.01 - $90,000.00
84%
$1,500,000 - $1,687,500
$90,000.01 - $100,000.00
87%
$1,687,500 - $1,875,000
$100,000.01 - $150,000.00
89%
$1,875,000 - $2,812,500
$150,000.01 - $ 200,000.00
90%
$2,812,500 - $3,750,000
$200,000.01 or more
91%
$3,750,000 or more
Source: Internal Revenue Code of 1954, Pub.L. 83-591, 68A Stat. 5, enacted August 16, 1954 (modified from text of the statute).
Relative GDP: 37.5
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis historical GDP tables
[edit] Tags:Income Tax,Federal Income Tax,Progressive Tax,Marginal Income Tax Rate, | |
| Internal Revenue Code of 1986 | |
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References to the Internal Revenue Code in the United States Code and other statutes of Congress subsequent to 1954 generally mean Title 26 of the Code as amended. The basic structure of the Title 26 remained the same until the enactment of the comprehensive revision contained in Tax Reform Act of 1986, although of course individual provisions of the law were changed on a regular basis.
Section 2 of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 provides (in part):
(a) Redesignation of 1954 Code. - The Internal Revenue Title enacted August 16, 1954, as heretofore, hereby, or hereafter amended, may be cited as the "Internal Revenue Code of 1986".
(b) References in Laws, Etc. - Except when inappropriate, any reference in any law, Executive order, or other document -
(1) to the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 shall include a reference to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, and
(2) to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 shall include a reference to the provisions of law formerly known as the Internal Revenue Code of 1954.
Thus, the 1954 Code was renamed the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 by section 2 of the Tax Reform Act of 1986. The 1986 Act contained substantial amendments, but no formal re-codification. That is, the 1986 Code retained most of the same lettering and numbering of subtitles, chapters, subchapters, parts, subparts, sections, etc. The 1986 Code, as amended from time to time (and still published as title 26 of the United States Code), retains the basic structure of the 1954 Code.
[edit] Tags: | |
| Tax statutes not contained in the Code | |
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The Internal Revenue Code includes most but not all Federal tax statutes. Some tax statutes are found in other provisions of the United States Code including title 11 (related to bankruptcy) and title 28 (related to the judiciary). Further, some tax statutes are not codified at all (for example, the provisions of tax statutes that list the effective dates of Internal Revenue Code amendments).
[edit] Tags:Title 11 (related To Bankruptcy),Title 28 (related To The Judiciary), | |
| Individual and corporate income tax | |
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Section 1 of the Internal Revenue Code imposes the Federal income tax on the taxable income of U.S. citizens and residents, and of estates and trusts. The corporate income tax is imposed by Internal Revenue Code section 11.
[edit] Tags: | |
| Organization | |
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Since the IRC is a duplicate of the USC Title 26, the organization of the IRC is identical. See United States Code#Organization.
As an example, section 162(e)(2)(B)(ii) (26 U.S.C. § 162(e)(2)(B)(ii)) would be as follows:
Title 26: Internal Revenue Code
Subtitle A: Income Taxes
Chapter 1: Normal Taxes and Surtaxes
Subchapter B: Computation of Taxable Income
Part VI: Itemized Deductions for Individuals and Corporations
Section 162: Trade or business expenses
Subsection (e): Denial of deduction for certain lobbying and political expenditures
Paragraph (2) Exception for local legislation
Sub-paragraph (B)
Clause (ii)
The Internal Revenue Code is topically organized and generally referred to by section number (sections 1 through 9834). Some topics are short (e.g., tax rates) and some quite long (e.g., pension & benefit plans). The following describes the key topics, by section number:
IRC Topics By Section
Sections
Function
1-15
Tax rates
21-54
Credits (refundable and nonrefundable)
55-59A
Alternative Minimum Tax & environmental tax
61-90
Definition of gross income (before deductions), including items specifically taxable
101-140
Specific exclusions from gross income
141-149
Private activity bonds
151-153
Personal exemptions; dependent defined
161-199
Deductions, including interest, taxes, losses, and business related items
211-224
Itemized deductions for individuals
241-250
Deductions unique to corporations
261-291
Nondeductible items, including special rules limiting or deferring deductions
301-386
Corporate transactions, including formation, distributions, reorganizations, liquidations (Subchapter C)
401-436
Pension and benefit plans: treatment of plans, employers, & beneficiaries
441-483
Accounting methods & tax years
501-530
Exempt organizations (charitable and other)
531-565
Accumulated earnings tax and personal holding companies
581-597
Banks: special rules for certain items
611-638
Natural resources provisions: depletion, etc.
641-692
Trusts & estates: definitions, income tax on same & beneficiaries
701-777
Partnerships: definitions, treatment of entities and members, special rules (Subchapter K)
801-858
Insurance companies: special rules, definitions
851-860
Regulated investment companies (mutual funds)
861-865
Source of income (for international tax)
871-898
Tax on foreign persons/corporations; inbound international rules
901-908
Foreign tax credit
911-943
Exclusions of foreign income (mostly repealed)
951-965
Taxation of U.S. shareholders of controlled foreign corporations (Subpart F)
971-999
Other international tax provisions
1001-1092
Gains: definitions, characterization, and recognition; special rules
1201-1298
Capital gains: separate taxation and special rules
1301-1359
Interperiod adjustments; certain special rules
1361-1388
S Corporations and cooperative associations: flow-through rules
1391-1400T
Empowerment, enterprise, and other special zones
1401-1403
Self employment tax (like social security, below)
1441-1465
Withholding of tax on nonresidents
1501-1564
Consolidated returns and affiliated groups (corporations)
2001-2210
Estate tax on transfers at death
2501-2704
Gift tax and tax on generation skipping transfers
3101-3241
Social security and railroad retirement taxes
3301-3322
Unemployment taxes
3401-3510
Income tax withholding; payment of employment taxes
4001-5000
Excise taxes on specific goods, transactions, and industries
5001-5891
Alcohol, tobacco and firearms taxes and special excise tax rules
6001-6167
Tax returns: requirements, procedural rules, payments, settlements, extensions
6201-6533
Assessment, collection, and abatement; limitations on collection & refund
6601-6751
Interest and non-criminal penalties on underpayments or failures
6801-7124
Other procedural rules
7201-7344
Crimes, other offences, forfeitures, tax evasion
7401-7493
Judicial proceedings
7501-8023
Miscellaneous rules
9001-9833
Special taxes & funds (presidential election, highway, black lung, etc.)
[edit] Tags:Taxation,Alternative Minimum Tax,Excise Tax,Excise Taxes, | |
| Subtitles | |
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A. Income Taxes (sections 1 through 1564)
As a further example, here are the chapters of this subtitle:
Chapter 1—NORMAL TAXES AND SURTAXES (sections 1 through 1400U3)[3]
Chapter 2—TAX ON SELF-EMPLOYMENT INCOME (sections 1401 through 1403)[4]
Chapter 3—WITHHOLDING OF TAX ON NONRESIDENT ALIENS AND FOREIGN CORPORATIONS (sections 1441 through 1464)[5]
Chapter 4—Repealed
Chapter 5—Repealed
Chapter 6—CONSOLIDATED RETURNS (sections 1501 through 1564)[6]
B. Estate and Gift Taxes (sections 2001 through 2801)
C. Employment Taxes (sections 3101 through 3510)
D. Miscellaneous Excise Taxes (sections 4001 through 5000)
E. Alcohol, Tobacco, and Certain Other Excise Taxes (sections 5001 through 5891)
F. Procedure and Administration (sections 6001 through 7874)
G. The Joint Committee on Taxation (sections 8001 through 8023)
H. Financing of Presidential Election Campaigns (sections 9001 through 9042)
I. Trust Fund Code (sections 9500 through 9602)
J. Coal Industry Health Benefits (sections 9701 through 9722)
K. Group Health Plan Requirements (sections 9801 through 9834)
[edit] Tags:Gift Taxes, | |
| List of commonly-referenced sections | |
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(This is not intended to be a complete list of sections.)
Subtitle A: Income Taxes (§ 1-§ 1564)
Chapter 1: Normal Taxes and Surtaxes (§ 1-§ 1400U3)
Subchapter A: Determination of Tax Liability (§ 1-§ 59)
Part I: Tax on Individuals (§ 1-§ 59B)
Section 1: Tax imposed (§ 1)
…
Section 41: Credit for increasing research activities (§ 41)
…
Subchapter B: Computation of Taxable Income (§ 61-§ 291)
Part I: Definition of Gross Income, Adjusted Gross Income, Taxable Income, Etc. (§ 61-§ 68)
Section 61: Gross income defined (§ 61)
…
Section 63: Taxable income defined (§ 63)
…
Part II: Items Specifically Included in Gross Income (§ 71-§ 80)
…
Section 79: Group-term life insurance purchased for employees (§ 79)
…
Part III: Items Specifically Excluded from Gross Income (§ 101-§ 140)
…
Section 132(a): Fringe benefits excluded from gross income (§ 132(a))
…
Part VI: Itemized Deductions for Individuals and Corporations (§ 161-§ 198)
…
Section 162(2): Trade or business expenses (§ 162(a))
…
Section 179: Election to expense certain depreciable business assets (§ 179)
…
Section 183: Activities Not Engaged in for Profit (§ 183)
…
Part VII: Additional Itemized Deductions for Individuals (§ 211-§ 224)
…
Section 212: Expenses for production of income (§ 212)
…
Subchapter C: Corporate Distributions and Adjustments (§ 301-§ 385)
…
Part III: Corporate Organizations and Reorganizations (§ 351-§ 368)
…
Subpart B: Effects on Shareholders and Security Holders (§ 354-§ 358)
…
Section 355: Distribution of stock and securities of a controlled corporation (§ 355)
…
…
Subchapter D: Deferred Compensation, Etc. (§ 401-§ 436)
Part I: Pension, Profit-sharing, Stock Bonus Plas, etc. (§ 401-§ 420)
Subpart A: General Rule (§ 401-§ 409A)
Section 401: Qualified pension, profit-sharing, and stock bonus plans
paragraph (a) ("401(a)"): employer-sponsored retirement plan for employees of state and local governments and certain tax-exempt entities (§ 401(a))
…
paragraph (k) ("401(k)"): employer-sponsored retirement plan (§ 401(k))
…
Section 402A ("Roth 401(k)"): Optional treatment of elective deferrals as Roth contributions (§ 402A)
Section 403: Taxation of employee annuities
…
paragraph (b) ("403(b)"): employer-sponsored retirement plan at non-profit organizations (§ 403(b))
…
Section 408: Individual Retirement Accounts (§ 408)
Section 408A: Roth IRAs (§ 408A)
…
Section 409A: Inclusion in gross income of deferred compensation under nonqualified deferred compensation plans (§ 409A)
…
Subchapter E: Accounting Periods and Methods of Accounting (§ 441-§ 483)
…
Part II: Methods of Accounting (§ 446-§ 475)
Subpart B: Taxable Year for Which Items of Gross Income Included (§ 451-§ 460)
…
Section 457: retirement plan for governmental and certain non governmental employers (§ 457)
…
Subpart D: Inventories (§ 471-§ 475)
…
Section 475: Mark to market accounting method for dealers in securities (§ 475)
…
Subchapter F: Exempt Organizations (§ 501-§ 530)
Part I: General Rule (§ 501-§ 505)
Section 501: Exemption from tax on corporations, certain trusts, etc. (§ 501)
…
paragraph (c) ("501(c)"): List of exempt organizations (§ 501(c))
subparagraph (1) ("501(c)(1)"): corporations organized under Acts of Congress such as Federal Credit Unions (§ 501(c)(1))
subparagraph (2) ("501(c)(2)"): title-holding corporations for exempt organizations (§ 501(c)(2))
subparagraph (3) ("501(c)(3)"): charitable, non-profit, religious, and educational organizations (§ 501(c)(3))
subparagraph (4) ("501(c)(4)"): political education organizations (§ 501(c)(4))
subparagraph (6) ("501(c)(6)"): business leagues and chambers of commerce (§ 501(c)(6))
subparagraph (7) ("501(c)(7)"): recreational clubs (§ 501(c)(7))
…
Part VI: Political Organizations (§ 527)
Section 527: Political organizations (§ 527)
…
Part VIII: Higher Education Savings Entities (§ 529-§ 530)
Section 529: Qualified tuition programs (§ 529)
Section 530: Coverdell Education Savings Accounts (§ 530)
…
Subchapter N: Tax Based on Income From Sources Within or Without the United States (§ 861-§ 1000)
Part I: Source Rules and Other General Rules Relating To Foreign Income (§ 861-§ 865)
Section 861: Income from sources within the United States (§ 861)
…
Subchapter O: Gain or Loss on Disposition of Property (§ 1000-§ 1111)
…
Part III: Common Nontaxable Exchanges (§ 1031-§ 1045)
Section 1031: Exchange of property held for productive use or investment (§ 1031)
…
Section 1041: Transfers of Property Between Spouses or Incident to Divorce (§ 1041)
…
Subtitle C: Employment Taxes (§ 3101-§ 3510)
…
Chapter 24: Collection of Income Tax at Source on Wages (§ 3401-§ 3456)
Section 3401: Definitions (§ 3401)
[edit] Tags: | |
| References | |
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^ Other federal tax law is contained in other titles of the United States Code, such as Title 11 (relating to bankruptcy) and Title 19 (Customs Duties).
^ Pub.L. 99-514, § 2(a), 100 Stat. 2085, enacted October 22, 1986
^ An apparently insignificant discrepancy between the wording in the Statutes at Large and the wording in some editions of the U.S. Code with respect to a provision of the Internal Revenue Code (specifically, the words "any papers" in the first sentence of section 6104(a)(1)(A)) is described by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia in the case of Tax Analysts v. Internal Revenue Serv., 214 F.3d 179 (D.C. Cir. 2000), in footnote 1, at [1]. According to the Court, some versions of the U.S. Code show the text as "any paper" while the Statutes at Large version shows the text as "any papers".
[edit] Tags: | |
| External links | |
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U.S. Code Title 26, via United States Government Printing Office
Title 26 at Cornell's Legal Information Institute
U.S. Code Title 26 - Cross Referencing
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United States Code
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