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| Origins and development | |
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Ethnic-Linguistic map of southwestern Europe
See also: History of Spanish, History of Portuguese, and History of Catalan
Like all Romance languages,[3] the Iberian Romance languages descend from Vulgar Latin. Vulgar Latin was the nonstandard (in contrast to Classical Latin) form of the Latin language spoken by soldiers and merchants throughout the Roman Empire. With the expansion of the empire, Vulgar Latin came to be spoken by inhabitants of the various Roman-controlled territories. Latin and its descendants have been spoken in Iberia since the Punic Wars, when the Romans conquered the territory[4] (see Roman conquest of Hispania).
The modern Iberian Romance languages were formed roughly through the following process:
The Latinization of the local Iberian population.[5]
The diversification of Latin spoken in Iberia, with slight differences depending on location.[6]
Development of Old Spanish, Galician-Portuguese, Astur-Leonese, Navarro-Aragonese (West Iberian or Hispano-Iberian) and early Catalan language from Latin between the eighth and tenth centuries. The genetic classification of early Catalan is uncertain. Some scholars place it within Ibero-Romance (hence it would be East Iberian), others place it within Gallo-Romance, specifically among the Occitano-Romance languages.[7][8][9]
Further development into modern Spanish, Portuguese, Galician, Catalan, Asturian, Leonese, Mirandese, etc. (see Languages of Iberia: Languages of Spain, Languages of Portugal and Languages of Andorra) between the fifteenth and twentieth centuries.
[edit] Tags:Iberia,Romance,Western,Romance Languages,Spain,Portugal,Andorra,Spanish,Portuguese,Galician,Catalan,History Of Spanish,History Of Catalan,Vulgar Latin,Classical Latin,Expansion Of The Empire,Punic Wars,Roman Conquest Of Hispania,Latinization,Old Spanish,Galician-portuguese,Astur-leonese,Navarro-aragonese,West Iberian Or Hispano-iberian,Occitano-romance Languages,Languages Of Iberia,Languages Of Spain,Languages Of Portugal,Languages Of Andorra,Occitan,Galicia,Asturian,Leonese,Mirandese,Aragonese, | |
| Statuses | |
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Politically (not linguistic genetically), there are four major officially recognized Iberian Romance languages:
Spanish, also known as Castilian (see names given to the Spanish language) is the national and official language of 21 countries, including Spain.[10] Spanish is the second most widely spoken native language in the world, and the third most widely spoken.[11] It has a number of dialects and varieties.
Portuguese, official language in eight countries including Portugal. After Spanish, Portuguese is the second most widely spoken Romance language in the world with over 250 million speakers, currently ranked seventh by number of native speakers.[12] Various Portuguese dialects exist outside of the native standard spoken in Portugal.
Catalan, official language in Andorra[13] and co-official in the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, Balearic Islands and Valencian Community (where it is known as Valencian), and the Italian city of Alghero. It is also spoken in the French department of Pyrénées Orientales (Northern Catalonia) without official recognition. Catalan is closely related to Occitan,[14][15][16] both languages have been treated as one in studies by Occitanist linguists (such as Pierre Bec, or more recently Domergue Sumien); thus Catalan is also widely classified with the Gallo-Romance languages. It has two main dialectal branches (Eastern and Western Catalan) and several subdialects, being spoken by about 12 million people (ranking the seventy-fifth most spoken language in the world),[17] mostly in five variants: Central Catalan, Northern Catalan, North-Western Catalan, Valencian and Balearic.
Galician, co-official in Galicia and also spoken in adjacent western parts of Asturias and Castile and León. Closely related to Portuguese, but also Spanish.[18] It shares origins with Portuguese, from the medieval Galician-Portuguese language. Modern Galician is spoken by around 3.2 million people and is ranked 160th by number of speakers.[19]
Additionally, the Asturian language (known also as bable), while not an official language[20] is recognized by the Spanish autonomous community of Asturias.[21]
[edit] Tags:Names Given To The Spanish Language,Official Language,21 Countries,Second Most Widely Spoken Native Language,Third Most Widely Spoken,Dialects And Varieties,Eight Countries,Portuguese Dialects,Native Standard,Catalonia,Balearic Islands,Valencian Community,Valencian,Italian,Alghero,Pyrénées Orientales,Northern Catalonia,Have Been Treated As One,Pierre Bec,Domergue Sumien,Gallo-romance Languages,Central Catalan,Northern Catalan,North-western Catalan,Balearic, | |
| Family Tree | |
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Main article: Romance languages
Iberian Romance languages
West Iberian languages
Astur-Leonese languages
Asturian
Leonese
Mirandese
Galician-Portuguese languages
Fala
Galician
Portuguese
Spanish
Extremaduran
East Iberian languages
Catalan
Pyrenean-Mozarabic languages
Navarro-Aragonese languages
Aragonese
Mozarabic†
† Extinct languages
[edit] Tags:West Iberian Languages,East Iberian Languages,Pyrenean-mozarabic Languages, | |
| References | |
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^ David A. Pharies (2007). A Brief History of the Spanish Language. University of Chicago Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0226666839.
^ Ethnologue: Statistical Summaries
^ Sarah Thomason (2001). Language Contact. Georgetown University Press. p. 263. ISBN 978-0878408542.
^ Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie (2008). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier Science. p. 1020. ISBN 978-0080877747.
^ Ralph Penny (2002). A History of the Spanish Language. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0521011846.
^ Penny, p. 16
^ M. Teresa Turell (2001). Multilingualism In Spain: Sociolinguistic and Psycholinguistic Aspects of Linguistic Minority Groups. Multilingual Matters. p. 591. ISBN 978-1853594915.
^ Fernando Cabo Aseguinolaza, Anxo Abuín Gonzalez, César Domínguez (2010). A Comparative History of Literatures in the Iberian Peninsula. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 3961. ISBN 978-9027234575.
^ Rafael Lapesa (1968). Historia de la lengua española (7th ed.). Gredos. p. 124. ISBN 84-249-0072-3, 84-249-0073-1.
^ Promotora Española de Lingüística – Lengua Española o Castellana. (Spanish)
^ Ethnologue: Table 3. Languages with at least 3 million first-language speakers
^ See Ethnologue
^ Constitution of Andorra (Article 2.1)
^ Pierre BEC (1973), Manuel pratique d’occitan moderne, coll. Connaissance des langues, Paris: Picard
^ Domergue SUMIEN (2006), La standardisation pluricentrique de l'occitan: nouvel enjeu sociolinguistique, développement du lexique et de la morphologie, coll. Publications de l'Association Internationale d'Études Occitanes, Turnhout: Brepols
^ Carol Myers-Scotton (2005). Multiple Voices: An Introduction to Bilingualism. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 57. ISBN 978-0631219378.
^ Ethnologue
^ Rebecca Posner (1996). The Romance Languages. Cambridge University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0521281393.
^ Ethnologue
^ [1]
^ See: Euromosaic report
[edit] Tags:Iberian Peninsula, | |
| External links | |
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Spanish words of Latin origin
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