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| Old Hungarian | |
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The oldest surviving poem of Hungarian language, Old Hungarian Laments of Mary
Chronicon Pictum
Gesta Hungarorum
During the Middle Ages and well into the Renaissance, the written language in Hungary was mostly Latin. Important Latin-language documents include the Admonitions of St. Stephen, which includes the king's admonitions to his son, Prince Imre.
The oldest coherent Old Hungarian text is the Funeral Sermon and Prayer (Halotti beszéd és könyörgés) (1192–1195), a translation of a Latin sermon (see also Funerary text and the links below).
The oldest poem is the Old Hungarian Laments of Mary (Ómagyar Mária-siralom), also a (not very strict) translation from Latin, from the 13th century. It is also the oldest surviving Uralic poem.
Both the Funeral Sermon and the Lamentations are hard to read and not quite comprehensible for modern-day Hungarians, mostly because the 26-letter Latin alphabet was not fit to represent all the phonemes in Hungarian language, as diacritic marks and double letters had not been developed yet.
Among the first chronicles about Hungarian history were Gesta Hungarorum ("Deeds of the Hungarians") by the unknown author usually called Anonymus [sic], and Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum ("Deeds of the Huns and the Hungarians") by Simon Kézai. Both are in Latin. These chronicles mix history with legends, so historically they are not always authentic. Another chronicle is the Képes Krónika (Illustrated Chronicle), which was written for Louis the Great.
Further, Rogerius's 13th century work was published with János Thuróczy's chronicle in the late 15th century. In Split Thomas of Spalato wrote on local history with much information on Hungary in the 13th century (at that time Dalmatia and the city were part of Hungary).
[edit] Tags:Hungarian Language,Hungarians,Old Hungarian Laments Of Mary,Chronicon Pictum,Gesta Hungarorum,Hungary,Latin,Prince Imre,Old Hungarian,Funeral Sermon And Prayer,Sermon,Funerary Text,Uralic,Phonemes,Gesta Hunnorum Et Hungarorum,Louis The Great,Rogerius,János Thuróczy,Thomas Of Spalato, | |
| Middle Hungarian | |
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Renaissance literature flourished under the reign of King Matthias (1458–1490). Janus Pannonius, although he wrote in Latin, counts as one of the most important persons in Hungarian literature, being the only significant Hungarian Humanist poet of the period. The first printing house was also founded during Matthias' reign, by András Hess, in Buda. The first book printed in Hungary was the Chronica Hungarorum.
In 1526 most of Hungary fell under Ottoman occupation, establishing the beginning of the Middle Hungarian Period, in connection with various cultural changes.
The most important poets of the period were Bálint Balassi (1554–1594), Sebestyén Tinódi (c. 1510-1556) and Miklós Zrínyi (1620–1664). Balassi's poetry shows Medieval influences, and his poems can be divided into three genres: love poems, war poems and religious poems. Zrínyi's most significant work, the epic Szigeti veszedelem ("Peril of Sziget", composed in 1648/49) is written in a fashion similar to The Iliad, and recounts the heroic Battle of Szigetvár, where his great-grandfather died while defending the castle of Szigetvár.
The cover of a Hungarian book from the time: Gáspár Heltai's "Chronicle about the affairs of the Magyars"
Translation of Roman authors also produced some works: János Baranyai Decsi translated Sallustius's Catalina and Jughurta's War in the late 16th century and a decade later appeared the translation of Curtius Rufus's Alexander's Life in Debrecen.
Historical works were even more numerous: the chronicle of Gáspár Heltai (see right) published by Heltai himself in Kolozsvár, Ferenc Zay's unpublished work on the siege of Beograd from the 15th century, János Kemény's, Transylvanian Duke's, and Miklós Bethlen's memoirs with János Szalárdy's volumes, that time unpublished, work on contemporary Transylvanian history from the 17th century (from Bethlen's reign to 1660s), and Mihály Cserei's work from the early 18th century.
Another category is historical verses in Hungarian, like that of Sebestyén Tinódi from the 16th century, Péter Ilosvay Selymes, Mihály Szabatkai and Gergely Deák.
Latin works in the period are more numerous. István Szamosközy, János Baranyai Decsi, Miklós Istvánffy, János Bethlen, Farkas Bethlen, Ferenc Forgách, György Szerémi, Ambrus Somogyi, Gianmichele Bruto, and Miklós Oláh produced the most important historical works from the 16th to 17th century.
In German Georg Kraus and Georg Zeiler wrote on Transylvanian history. In Spanish Bernardo de Aldana wrote apologies for losing the castle of Lippa in 1552 to the Turks.
Among the religious literary works the most important is the Bible translation by Gáspár Károli, the Protestant pastor of Gönc, in 1590. The translation is called the Bible of Vizsoly, after the town where it was first published (see Hungarian Bible translations for more details). Another important religious work is the Legend of Saint Margaret, copied by Lea Ráskai around 1510 from an earlier work that did not survive.
[edit] Tags:Bálint Balassi,Sebestyén Tinódi,Miklós Zrínyi,Gáspár Károli,King Matthias,Janus Pannonius,András Hess,Ottoman,Szigeti Veszedelem,Peril Of Sziget,The Iliad,Battle Of Szigetvár,Gáspár Heltai,Magyars,János Baranyai Decsi,Sallustius,Jughurta,Curtius Rufus,Debrecen,Kolozsvár,Ferenc Zay,Beograd,János Kemény,Miklós Bethlen,János Szalárdy,Mihály Cserei,Péter Ilosvay Selymes,Mihály Szabatkai,Gergely Deák,István Szamosközy,Miklós Istvánffy,János Bethlen,Farkas Bethlen,Ferenc Forgách,György Szerémi,Ambrus Somogyi,Gianmichele Bruto,Miklós Oláh,Georg Kraus, | |
| Enlightenment and the language reform | |
| 3>
The Hungarian enlightenment was delayed by about fifty years compared to the Western European enlightenment. The new philosophies reached Hungary via Vienna. The first enlightened writers were Maria Theresia's bodyguards (György Bessenyei, János Batsányi and so on). The greatest poets of the time was Mihály Csokonai Vitéz and Dániel Berzsenyi.
The greatest figure of the language reform was Ferenc Kazinczy. Hungarian linguistic purism of the time introduced calques of loanwords, such as mozdony, "locomotive", coined to replace the earlier lokomotív.
[edit] Tags:Ferenc Kazinczy, | |
| General | |
| 3>
A History of Hungarian Literature (From the Earliest Times to the mid-1970s) by Lóránt Czigány
Albert Tezla: Hungarian authors – A bibliographical handbook
An overview of Hungarian literature by Daniel Abondolo
A brefer view, from the 'same' source
Hungarian literature
János Kőbányai,Sándor Márai: a smoldering within,"Eretz Acheret" Magazine
summarized at the administrative website of Hungary
Hungarian Literature Online
The Hungarian Electronic Library
Database for translations of Hungarian literary works
Selected bibliographies of important Hungarian authors
Magyar poems
Magyar poetry
Poetry of the Magyars
[edit] Tags:Sándor Márai, | |
| Specific sources | |
| 3>
Funeral Oration and Prayer
Sermon above the grave or the Funeral Oration
Hungarian poems in English
[edit] Tags: | |
| Literary chapters from the | |
| 3>
The Remains of Oral Tradition; The Beginning of Literacy (from the beginnings till 1038)
The External Conditions of Literature; The Characteristics of the Contents of Literature; The Authors; The Works (1038-1301)
The Level of Education; Authors, Genres, Works (1301-1437)
Hungarian Literature; Latin Literature; Humanist Literature (1437-1526)
Hungarian Literature; Turkish Literature (1526-1699)
(The English translation of volumes 6 to 9 are in preparation.)
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Hungarian literature
Early sources
Funeral Sermon and Prayer · Old Hungarian Lamentations of Mary · Gesta Hungarorum · Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum · Chronicon Pictum
Endre Ady
15th – 17th century
Bálint Balassi · Péter Bornemisza · Albert Gergei · István Gyöngyösi · Gáspár Heltai · János Sylvester · Sebestyén Tinódi Lantos · Janus Pannonius · Péter Pázmány · János Rimay · Miklós Zrínyi
18th – 19th century
Zoltán Ambrus · János Arany · József Bajza · János Batsányi · Elek Benedek · Dániel Berzsenyi · Miklós Bethlen · Sándor Bródy · Gergely Csiky · Mihály Csokonai Vitéz · József Eötvös · Mihály Fazekas · János Garay · Géza Gárdonyi · Ignotus · Mór Jókai · József Kármán · József Katona · Ferenc Kazinczy · Zsigmond Kemény · Károly Kisfaludy · Sándor Kisfaludy · Ferenc Kölcsey · Imre Madách · Kelemen Mikes · Kálmán Mikszáth · Sándor Petőfi · István Széchenyi · Ede Szigligeti · Mihály Tompa · János Vajda · Mihály Vörösmarty
20th century
Endre Ady · Lajos Áprily · Mihály Babits · Béla Balázs · Miklós Bánffy · Géza Csáth · Tibor Déry · György Faludy · István Fekete · Miksa Fenyő · Jolán Földes · Milán Füst · Andor Endre Gelléri · Géza Gyóni · Béla Hamvas · Jenő Heltai · Ferenc Herczeg · Gyula Illyés · Éva Janikovszky · Attila József · Gyula Juhász · Margit Kaffka · László Kálnoky · Ferenc Karinthy · Frigyes Karinthy · Lajos Kassák · Géza Képes · János Kodolányi · Károly Kós · Dezső Kosztolányi · Gyula Krúdy · Ervin Lázár · Menyhért Lengyel · Iván Mándy · Sándor Márai · Ferenc Molnár · Ferenc Móra · Zsigmond Móricz · Gáspár Nagy · Lajos Nagy · László Nagy · Ágnes Nemes Nagy · László Németh · József Nyírő · Géza Ottlik · István Örkény · Géza Páskándi · János Pilinszky · Miklós Radnóti · Jenő Rejtő · Sándor Reményik · Sándor Sík · István Sinka · András Sütő · Dezső Szabó · Lőrinc Szabó · Magda Szabó · Sándor Szathmári · Mária Szepes · Antal Szerb · Domokos Szilágyi · Áron Tamási · Józsi Jenő Tersánszky · Árpád Tóth · István Tömörkény · Albert Wass · Sándor Weöres · Lajos Zilahy · Péter Zsoldos
Contemporary
Tamás Cseh · Sándor Csoóri · István Csukás · Péter Esterházy · Ágnes Gergely · Márton Gerlóczy · Gábor Görgey · Anna Jókai · Ferenc Juhász · Sándor Kányádi · Márton Karinthy · Ákos Kertész · Imre Kertész · György Konrád · László Krasznahorkai · Péter Lengyel · László L. Lőrincz · Béla Markó · György Moldova · Péter Müller · Péter Nádas · Ádám Nádasdy · Gábor Nógrádi · Imre Oravecz · Zsolt Őz · Lajos Parti Nagy · Zsuzsa Rácz · Zsuzsa Rakovszky · András Réz · Pál Salamon · Richárd Salinger · György Spiró · Károly Szakonyi · Dezső Tandori · Miklós Vámos
Category:Hungarian writers
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European literature
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