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| History | |
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The High German dialects as used in central and southern Germany (Saxony, Bavaria) and Austria were an important basis for the development of standard German.[3]
The historical forms of the language are Old High German and Middle High German.
[edit] Tags:Germany,Austria,German,High German Dialects,Standard German,Dialects,German Dialects, | |
| Classification | |
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High German (in the broader sense) is distinguished from other West Germanic varieties in that it took part in the High German consonant shift (c. AD 500). To see this, compare English/Low Saxon pan/Pann with German Pfanne ([p] to [pf]), English/Low Saxon two/twee with German zwei ([t] to [ts]), English/Low Saxon make/maken with German machen ([k] to [x]).[4] In the High Alemannic dialects, there is a further shift; Sack (like English/Low Saxon "sack/Sack") is pronounced [z̥akx] ([k] to [kx]).
[edit] Tags:Germanic,West Germanic,Varieties,English,Low Saxon,High Alemannic Dialects,Alemannic,High Alemannic, | |
| Family tree | |
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Note that divisions between subfamilies within Germanic are rarely precisely defined, as most form continuous clines, with adjacent dialects being mutually intelligible and more separated ones not. In particular, there has never been an original "Proto-High German". For this and other reasons, the idea of representing the relationships between West Germanic language forms in a tree diagram at all is controversial among linguists. What follows should be used with care in the light of this caveat.
Central German (German: Mitteldeutsch)
East Central German
Standard German[5]
Lausitzisch-Neumärkisch
Upper Saxon
North Upper Saxon
Thuringian Dialect
Silesian German (mostly in Lower Silesia, in Poland)
High Prussian
Transylvanian Saxon (in Transylvania)
West Central German
Central Franconian
Ripuarian
Moselle Franconian, including the Luxembourgish language
Rhine Franconian
Lorraine Franconian (France)
Pfälzisch language
Hunsrückisch
Riograndenser Hunsrückisch (in Southern Brazil)
Central Hessian (Hessian)
East Hessian (Hessian)
North Hessian (Hessian)
Transitional areas between Central German and Upper German
High Franconian
East Franconian German
South Franconian German
Pennsylvania German (in the United States and Canada)
Upper German (German: Oberdeutsch)
Alemannic
Swabian
Low Alemannic (including one Swiss German dialect: Basel German)
Alsatian language (but often also classified as within Low Alemannic)
Central Alemannic
High Alemannic (including many Swiss German dialects)
Highest Alemannic (including Swiss German dialects)
Austro-Bavarian (On the use of dialects and Standard German in Austria, see Austrian language)
Northern Austro-Bavarian (spoken in Upper Palatinate)
Central Austro-Bavarian (includes the dialects of Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria, Upper Austria, Lower Austria and Vienna — see Viennese language)
Southern Austro-Bavarian (includes the dialects of Tirol, Carinthia and Styria)
Cimbrian (northeastern Italy)
Mócheno (Trentino, in Italy)
Hutterite German (in Canada and the United States)
Yiddish
Western Yiddish (Germany, France)
Eastern Yiddish
Northeastern Yiddish (Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus, Russia, northeastern Poland)
Central Yiddish (Poland, Galicia)
Southeastern Yiddish (Ukraine, Bessarabia, Romania)
Texas German, a dialect spoken by descendants of immigrants who settled in the Texas Hill Country region in the mid-19th century.
[edit] Tags:Luxembourg,Poland,Yiddish,Central German,Upper German,Luxembourgish,Ripuarian,France,Lorraine,Italy,Romania,Transylvania,Russia,United States,Brazil,High Franconian,Proto-high German,East Central German,Lausitzisch-neumärkisch,Upper Saxon,North Upper Saxon,Thuringian Dialect,Silesian German,Lower Silesia,High Prussian,Transylvanian Saxon,West Central German,Central Franconian,Moselle Franconian,Luxembourgish Language,Rhine Franconian,Lorraine Franconian,Pfälzisch Language,Hunsrückisch,Riograndenser Hunsrückisch,Southern Brazil,Central Hessian,Hessian,East Hessian,North Hessian,East Franconian German,South Franconian German,Pennsylvania German,Canada,Swabian,Low Alemannic,Swiss German,Basel German,Alsatian Language,Central Alemannic,Highest Alemannic,Austro-bavarian,Austrian Language,Northern Austro-bavarian,Upper Palatinate,Central Austro-bavarian,Upper Bavaria,Lower Bavaria,Upper Austria,Lower Austria,Vienna,Viennese Language,Southern Austro-bavarian,Tirol, | |
| References | |
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^ See the definition of "high" in the Oxford English Dictionary (Concise Edition): "... situated far above ground, sealevel, etc; upper, inland, as ... High German".
^ Russ, Charles. The Dialects of Modern German: A Linguistic Survey. Routledge, 1989
^ Russ, Charles. The German Language Today: A Linguistic Introduction. Routledge, 1994.
^ Robinson, Orrin. Old English and its Closest Relatives. Routledge, 1994.
^ "Ethnologue: East Middle German". http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1205-16. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
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German • Colognian • Luxembourgish • Palatinate German • Pennsylvania German • Hunsrik • Silesian German • Upper Saxon • Vilamovian
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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_German_languages&oldid=475367999"
Categories: High German languagesGerman dialectsWest Germanic languagesHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from November 2006All articles needing additional references
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