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| Etymology | |
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Flemish is derived from the name of the County of Flanders, from Middle Dutch vlāmisch, vlemesch. The name of the County of Flanders itself was first attested in Ghent, in 1237, and etymologically it derives from ‘Flandr’, which is Old Dutch roughly meaning ‘that which is flooded/flooded area’;[8] compare Common Germanic *flōðuz, "flood".[9]
[edit] Tags:Germanic,Dutch,Flanders,County Of Flanders,Middle Dutch,Ghent,Old Dutch,Common Germanic, | |
| Dutch in Flanders | |
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West Flemish
East Flemish
Dutch is the majority language in Belgium, being spoken natively by three-fifths of the population. Its various dialects contain a number of lexical and a few grammatical features which distinguish them from the standard language.[10] As in the Netherlands, the pronunciation of Standard Dutch is affected by the native dialect of the speaker.
All Dutch dialect groups spoken in Belgium are spoken in adjacent areas of the Netherlands as well. At the same time East Flemish forms a continuum with both Brabantic and West Flemish. Standard Dutch is primarily based on the Hollandic dialect (spoken in the Northern Netherlands) and to a lesser extent on Brabantian, which is the most dominant Dutch dialect of the Southern Netherlands and Flanders.
"Flemish" can also refer to standard Dutch as spoken in Belgium, which is very similar to standard Dutch spoken in the Netherlands. The main differences are pronunciation and the relative popularity of certain words and adverbs. There are no spelling differences. In this way, certain words that are mainly used in Flanders could be referred to as "Flemish" even though they are also part of standard Dutch and are listed in the wordlist of the Dutch language.
[edit] Tags:Netherlands,Dutch Language,Belgium,Majority Language,Hollandic,Brabantian,Wordlist Of The Dutch Language, | |
| Phonological differences | |
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Main article: Dutch phonology
Among Belgian Dutch vowels, is the diphthong "ou & au". (ou) as in bout (bolt) and (au) as in fauna is realized as [ɔu], whereas in northern Dutch it is realized as [ʌu]. Among consonants, the northern Dutch pronunciation of "w" (as in wang cheek) is [ʋ], in some southern Dutch dialects it is [β]. Probably the most obvious difference between northern and southern Dutch is in the sounds spelled <ch> and <g>. The sound spelled <ch> is a voiceless velar fricative [x] in Northern Dutch and a voiceless palatal fricative [ç] in Southern Dutch.[11] In the North the sound spelled <g> is usually realized as voiceless velar fricative [x] or voiceless uvular fricative [χ], whereas in the South the distinction between voiced and unvoiced has been preserved and <g> is pronounced as voiced palatal fricative /ʝ/.
[edit] Tags:Dutch Phonology,Bolt,Fauna,Consonants,Cheek,Voiceless Velar Fricative,Voiceless Palatal Fricative,Voiceless Uvular Fricative,Voiced Palatal Fricative, | |
| Lexical differences | |
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Belgian Dutch encompasses more French loanwords in everyday vocabulary than Dutch spoken in the Netherlands.[12] At the same time Brabantian, traditionally the most spoken Dutch dialect in Belgium, has had a larger influence on the vocabulary used in Belgium.[6] Examples include beenhouwer (Brabantian) and slager (Hollandic), both meaning butcher; and schoon (Brabantian) vs. mooi (Hollandic) "beautiful". The changes (isoglosses) from northern to southern Dutch dialects are somewhat gradual, both vocabulary-wise and phonetically, and the boundaries within coincide with territorial borders: there is a distinct boundary located in the river area of the Netherlands, a historical border of the Roman empire, south of which "Brabants" is spoken, a Dutch dialect with some of the phonological traits commonly associated with Belgium, and a second distinct border area around the border with the Belgian territories, where the transition is mostly lexical, but also with an intensification of the phonological diversion from northern Dutch. An exception to the border with the Belgian territories for this border is Zeelandic Flanders ("Zeeuws-Vlaanderen"), a part of the Netherlands where Flemish is spoken.
The differences between Dutch in the Netherlands and Flemish are significant enough for Flemish and Dutch television shows with rather informal speech customarily to become subtitled for the other country in the standard language.[13]
In 2009 a Dutch dictionary was published that for the first time distinguished between the two natiolectic varieties "Nederlands Nederlands" (or "Netherlandish Dutch") and "Belgisch Nederlands" ("Belgian Dutch") and treated both variations as equally correct. The selection of the "Flemish Dutch" words was based on the Referentiebestand Belgisch Nederlands (RBBN): an electronic database built under the supervision of Prof. Dr. W. Martin (Free University in Amsterdam, Netherlands) and Prof. Dr. W. Smedts (Catholic University in Leuven, Belgium).
Professor Willy Martin, one of the Flemish editors, claimed that the latter expressions are "just as correct" as the former. This formed a break with the previous lexicologists' custom to comment on a Flemish word that it is mainly used in Flanders, while the specific use in Holland of its Dutch-Dutch equivalent had remained unmentioned. Thus it had appeared as if the Flemish word was somehow aberrant Dutch.
In the Dutch language, around 3,500 words exist which are generally and typically considered Flemish, and 4,500 words considered Dutch.[14][15]
[edit] Tags:Zeelandic Flanders,Butcher,Isoglosses,Free University,Zeelandic,Leuven, | |
| Tussentaal | |
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The supra-regional, semi-standardized colloquial form (mesolect) of Dutch spoken in Belgium, which uses the vocabulary and the sound inventory of the Brabantic dialects, is often called Tussentaal ("in-between-language", i.e. between dialects and standard Dutch).[16] Its evolution is somewhat similar to the emergence of Poldernederlands in the Netherlands, a medium of everyday speech heavily influenced by Hollandic.[citation needed] Poldernederlands and Tussentaal are sociolects (not dialects or separate standard forms).[citation needed]
The tussentaal ("in-between-language") is a primarily informal variety of speech which occupies an intermediate position between regional dialects and the standard language. This tussentaal incorporates phonetic, lexical and grammatical elements that are not part of the standard language but are drawn from local dialects. It is a relatively new phenomenon that has been gaining popularity during the past decades. Some linguists note that it seems to be undergoing a process of (limited) standardisation.[17]
[edit] Tags:Mesolect,Poldernederlands,Sociolects, | |
| Dutch dialects in Belgium | |
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Main articles: West Flemish, East Flemish, Limburgish, and Brabantian
There are five principal Dutch dialects in Flanders: Brabantian, Limburgish, East Flemish, Antwerpish and West Flemish. Linguistically however, Flemish is used as a general term encompassing both East Flemish and West Flemish. As a result of political emancipation of the region of Flanders, the combined culture of that region, which consists out of West Flanders, East Flanders, Brabant and Limburg, is named Flemish and so are the four languages sometimes. Despite the name, Brabantian is the dominant contributor to the tussentaal. Both uses of the term derive from the name of the historical County of Flanders.
[edit] Tags:East Flanders,West Flanders,Antwerp,Limburg,Ipa,Limburgish, | |
| See also | |
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Afrikaans, a language spoken in South Africa that comes from Dutch
Afrikaner
Dutch language
Franconian languages
French Flemish, the West Flemish dialect as spoken in France
List of Germanic peoples
Zeelandic, a transitional dialect between West Flemish and Hollandic
[edit] Tags:Afrikaans,South Africa,Afrikaner,Franconian Languages,France,List Of Germanic Peoples, | |
| References | |
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^ This number refers to the inhabitants of Flanders, so this number applies to the first meaning, Belgian Dutch. To see the number of speakers of the whole Dutch language, see the article Dutch language.
^ As according to Van Dale.
^ Leidraad van de Taaltelefoon. Dienst Taaladvies van de Vlaamse Overheid (Department for Language advice of the Flemish government).
^ Definition of Flemish by the Compact Oxford English Dictionary.
^ Speech Rate in a Pluricentric Language: A Comparison Between Dutch in Belgium and the Netherlands (abstract). Language and Speech, Vol. 47, No. 3, 297-308 (2004). By Jo Verhoeven, Guy De Pauw, and Hanne Kloots of the University of Antwerp.
^ a b Tussen spreek- en standaardtaal. Koen Plevoets. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.
^ Definition of Flemish by The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language.
^ Vroeg Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, VMNW, (link to online version). Entry: VLAENDREN.
^ Etymonline, online English etymological dictionary. Entry; FLOOD; (link)
^ G. Janssens and A. Marynissen, Het Nederlands vroeger en nu (Leuven/Voorburg 2005), 155 ff.
^ Pieter van Reenen; Nanette Huijs (2000). "De harde en de zachte g, de spelling gh versus g voor voorklinker in het veertiende-eeuwse Middelnederlands." (in Dutch). Taal en Tongval, 52(Thema nr.), 159-181. http://www.meertens.knaw.nl/taalentongval/artikelen/Reenen_Huijs.pdf. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
^ G. Janssens and A. Marynissen, Het Nederlands vroeger en nu (Leuven/Voorburg 2005), 156
^ ""Vlaamse TV kijkers verstaan geen Hollands (Flemish TV viewers do not understand Hollandic)"". Taalunieversum.org. 2010-01-26. http://taalunieversum.org/nieuws/1768/vlaamse_tvkijkers_verstaan_geen_hollands. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
^ Auteur: Dirk Musschoot (2009-12-06). ""Nederlands uit Nederland of uit Vlaanderen: het kan allebei - Primeur: Prisma-woordenboek duidt regionaal gebruik aan"". Nieuwsblad.be. http://www.nieuwsblad.be/Article/Detail.aspx?articleid=G2C2JB052. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
^ ""Belgisch-Nederlands in de vertaalpockets"". Prismawoordenboeken.nl. http://www.prismawoordenboeken.nl/column.aspx?id=142. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
^ "Geeraerts, Dirk. 2001. "Een zondagspak? Het Nederlands in Vlaanderen: gedrag, beleid, attitudes". Ons Erfdeel 44: 337-344" (PDF). http://wwwling.arts.kuleuven.ac.be/qlvl/PDFPublications/01Eenzondagspak.pdf. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
^ G. Janssens and A. Marynissen, Het Nederlands vroeger en nu (Leuven/Voorburg 2005), 196.
v
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Flanders topics
Territories
Modern Belgium: Flemish Region • Flemish Community
Neighbouring and historical: County of Flanders (862–1795) • French Flanders • Zeelandic Flanders • Romance Flanders
Local regions: Flemish Ardennes • Campine • Hageland • Haspengouw • Pajottenland • Meetjesland • Westhoek • Waasland • ...
Provinces and cities
West Flanders (Bruges) • East Flanders (Ghent) • Antwerp (Antwerp) • Flemish Brabant (Leuven) • Limburg (Hasselt)
See also: Brussels • list of municipalities • Flemish Diamond
Politics
Flemish Parliament • Flemish Government • Political parties
History and symbols
Flag • Coat of arms • De Vlaamse Leeuw (anthem) • De Leeuw van Vlaanderen (epic) • Day of the Flemish Community (Guldensporenslag)
Other
Flemish people • Flemish • Flemish Movement • Literature • Painting • Science and technology
v
d
e
Modern Germanic languages and dialects
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West Germanic
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German • Colognian • Luxembourgish • Palatinate German • Pennsylvania German • Hunsrik • Silesian German • Upper Saxon • Vilamovian
Upper German
Alsatian • Bavarian • Colonia Tovar • Main-Franconian • Cimbrian • Hutterite German • Mócheno • Swabian • Swiss German • Walser
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Yiddish
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flemish&oldid=473437638"
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