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| History | |
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Egyptian hieroglyph
q’
Phoenician
he
Etruscan
E
Greek
Epsilon
Roman/Cyrillic
E
⟨E⟩ differs little from its derivational source, the Greek letter epsilon ⟨Ε⟩. In etymology, the Semitic hê has been suggested to have started as a praying or calling human figure (hillul 'jubilation'), and was probably based on a similar Egyptian hieroglyph that indicated a different pronunciation. In Semitic, the letter represented /h/ (and /e/ in foreign words), in Greek hê became epsilon with the value /e/. Etruscans and Romans followed this usage. Although Middle English spelling used ⟨e⟩ to represent long and short /e/, the Great Vowel Shift, changed long /eː/ (as in me or bee) to /iː/ while short /e/ (as in met or bed) remains a mid vowel.
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| Usage | |
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Like other Latin vowels, ⟨e⟩ came in a long and a short variety. Originally, the only difference was in length but later on, short ⟨e⟩ represented /ɛ/.[clarification needed]
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, /e/ represents the close-mid front unrounded vowel.
In the many languages that use the ⟨e⟩, it represents various phonetic values, sometimes with accents to indicate contrasts (⟨e ê é è ë ē ĕ ě ẽ ė ẹ ę ẻ⟩). Digraphs with ⟨e⟩ are common to indicate diphthongs and monophthongs, such as ⟨ea⟩ or ⟨ee⟩ for /iː/ or /eɪ/ in English, ⟨ei⟩ for /aɪ/ in German, and ⟨eu⟩ for /ø/ in French or /ɔɪ/ in German.
In English, the salient phenomenon silent e's, although arising from old inflections that have been dropped, still retain a function as they indicate that certain vowels in the word are long vowels (for example rat has a short vowel and rate has a long one).
⟨E⟩ is the most common (or highest frequency) letter in the English alphabet (starting off the typographer's phrase ETAOIN SHRDLU) and several other European languages, which has implications in both cryptography and data compression. This makes it a hard and popular letter to use when writing lipograms. Ernest Vincent Wright's Gadsby (1939) is considered a "dreadful" novel, and that "at least part of Wright's narrative issues were caused by language limitations imposed by the lack of E."[7] Both Georges Perec's novel A Void (La Disparition) (1969) and its English translation by Gilbert Adair omit ⟨e⟩ and are considered better works.[8]
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| Related letters and other similar characters | |
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Ε ε : Greek letter Epsilon
Ɛ ɛ : Latin letter Epsilon
Е е : Cyrillic letter Ye
Є є : Cyrillic letter Ukrainian Ye
Э э : Cyrillic letter E
℮ : Estimated sign (used on prepackaged goods for sale within the European Union).
€ : Euro sign
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| Computing codes | |
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character
E
e
Unicode name
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E
LATIN SMALL LETTER E
character encoding
decimal
hex
decimal
hex
Unicode
69
0045
101
0065
UTF-8
69
45
101
65
Numeric character reference
E
E
e
e
ASCII 1
69
45
101
65
EBCDIC family
197
C5
133
85
1 and all encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
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| Other representations | |
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NATO phonetic
Morse code
Echo
·
Signal flag
Flag semaphore
Braille
In British Sign Language (BSL), the letter ⟨e⟩ is signed by extending the index finger of the right hand touching the tip of index on the left hand with all fingers of left hand open.
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| References | |
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^ "E" a letter Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993). Ees is the plural of the name of the letter; the plural of the letter itself is E's, Es, e's, or es.
^ a b c d e f g Kelk, Brian. "Letter frequencies". UK Free Software Network. http://www.bckelk.ukfsn.org/words/etaoin.html. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
^ Lewand, Robert. "Relative Frequencies of Letters in General English Plain text". Cryptographical Mathematics. Central College. http://pages.central.edu/emp/LintonT/classes/spring01/cryptography/letterfreq.html. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in French". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. http://www.santacruzpl.org/readyref/files/g-l/ltfrqfr.shtml. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in German". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. http://scplweb.santacruzpl.org/readyref/files/g-l/ltfrqger.shtml. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in Spanish". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. http://www.santacruzpl.org/readyref/files/g-l/ltfrqsp.shtml. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
^ Ross Eckler, Making the Alphabet Dance: Recreational Word Play. New York: St. Martin's Press (1996): 3
^ Eckler (1996): 3. Perec's novel "was so well written that at least some reviewers never realized the existence of a letter constraint."
[edit] Tags: | |
| External links | |
| 2>
Media related to E at Wikimedia Commons
The Wiktionary entry for E
The Wiktionary entry for e
The ISO basic Latin alphabet
v
d
e
Aa
Bb
Cc
Dd
Ee
Ff
Gg
Hh
Ii
Jj
Kk
Ll
Mm
Nn
Oo
Pp
Qq
Rr
Ss
Tt
Uu
Vv
Ww
Xx
Yy
Zz
Letter E with diacritics
Éé
Èè
Ĕĕ
Êê
Ếế
Ềề
Ễễ
Ểể
Ěě
Ëë
Ẽẽ
Ėė
Ȩȩ
Ḝḝ
Ęę
Ēē
Ḗḗ
Ḕḕ
Ẻẻ
Ȅȅ
Ȇȇ
Ẹẹ
Ệệ
Ḙḙ
Ḛḛ
Ɇɇ
ᶒ
ⱸ
Related
History
Palaeography
Derivations
Diacritics
Punctuation
Numerals
Unicode
List of letters
ISO/IEC 646
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E&oldid=475875456"
Categories: ISO basic Latin lettersVowel lettersHidden categories: Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pagesWikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2012
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