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| Blood alcohol level (BAC) | |
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Relative risk of an accident based on blood alcohol levels.[4]
With the advent of a scientific test for blood alcohol content (BAC), enforcement regimes moved to pinning culpability for the offense to strict liability based on driving while having more than a prescribed amount of blood alcohol, although this does not preclude the simultaneous existence of the older subjective tests. BAC is most conveniently measured as a simple percent of alcohol in the blood by weight. It does not depend on any units of measurement. In Europe it is usually expressed as milligrams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood. However, 100 milliliters of blood weighs essentially the same as 100 milliliters of water, which weighs precisely 100 grams. Thus, for all practical purposes, this is the same as the simple dimensionless BAC measured as a percent. The per mille (promille) measurement, which is equal to ten times the percentage value, is used in Sweden and Finland.
The validity of the testing equipment/methods and mathematical relationships for the measurement of breath and blood alcohol have been criticized. (Taylor 2007)
Driving while consuming alcohol may be illegal within a jurisdiction. In some it is illegal for an open container of an alcoholic beverage to be in the passenger compartment of a motor vehicle or in some specific area of that compartment. In some it may be illegal to be asleep in the driver's seat of a vehicle without any intention to drive.[5]
The German model serves to reduce the number of accidents by identifying unfit drivers and removing them from traffic until their fitness to drive has been established again. The Medical Psychological Assessment (MPA) works for a prognosis of the fitness for drive in future, has an interdisciplinary basic approach and offers the chance of individual rehabilitation to the offender.[6]
George Smith, a London taxi driver, was the first person to be convicted of drunk driving, on 10 September 1897. He was fined 25 shillings, which is equivalent to £71.33 in 2005 pounds.[7] [8]
[edit] Tags:Motor Vehicle,Alcohol,Blood Alcohol Content,Edit,Per Mille,Open Container,German,Medical Psychological Assessment,London,Shillings,Drunk Driving, | |
| Field sobriety testing | |
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Historically, guilt was established by observed driving symptoms, such as weaving; administering field sobriety tests, such as a walking a straight line heel-to-toe or standing on one leg for 30 seconds; and the arresting officer's subjective opinion of impairment. The officer must correctly perform the Field Sobriety Tests (FSTs) that are approved by the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA). The US Department of Transportation explains the Field Sobriety Test as, "a battery of three tests administered and evaluated in a standardized manner to obtain validated indicators of impairment and establish probable cause for arrest."[9] Starting with the introduction in Norway in 1936 of the world’s first per se law which made it an offense to drive with more than a specified amount of alcohol in the body, objective chemical tests have gradually supplanted the earlier purely judgmental ones. Limits for chemical tests are specific for blood alcohol concentration or concentration of alcohol in breath.
[edit] Tags:Per Se,Sobriety,Safety, | |
| Drunk driving law by country | |
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Main article: Drunk driving law by country
The laws relating to drunk driving vary between countries and varying blood alcohol content is allowed before a conviction is made. Since at least 2004, it has been illegal in all US states and the District of Columbia to drive with a BAC that is 0.08% or higher. Canada adopted similar laws in the Criminal Law Amendment Act in the 1970s. (http://scc.lexum.org/en/1970/1970scr0-777/1970scr0-777.html )
[edit] Tags:Drunk Driving Law By Country,Canada,Article, | |
| See also | |
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Breathalyzer
Continuous transdermal alcohol monitoring
Driving license
Drunk drivers
DWI court
Expungement
Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD)
National Motorists Association
Remove Intoxicated Drivers
Sobriety checkpoints
[edit] Tags:Breathalyzer,Continuous Transdermal Alcohol Monitoring,Driving License,Drunk Drivers,Dwi Court,Expungement,Mothers Against Drunk Driving,National Motorists Association,Remove Intoxicated Drivers,Sobriety Checkpoints, | |
| References | |
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^ http://autos.aol.com/article/can-you-get-dui-without-driving/
^ Four in Ten Criminal Offenders Report Alcohol as a Factor in Violence: But Alcohol-Related Deaths and Consumption in Decline, April 5, 1998, United States Bureau of Justice Statistics
^ DWI Offenders under Correctional Supervision, June 1999, United States Bureau of Justice Statistics
^ "www.infrastructure.gov.au". http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/roads/safety/publications/1997/pdf/Speed_Risk_1.pdf.
^ http://www.startribune.com/local/41754752.html
^ Müller & Laub 2006. The Medical Psychological Assessment: An Opportunity for the Individual, Safety for the General Public
^ First drunk driving arrest
^ UK National Archives currency converter
^ SFST:Training Management System. http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/People/injury/alcohol/SFST/appendix_a.htm
[edit] Tags:United States Bureau Of Justice Statistics,United States, | |
| External links | |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Drunk driving
Impaired Driving, MedlinePlus
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