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| What is a document? | |
| 2>
The holler back or for proving a phenomenon, whether physical or mental" (Briet, 1951, 7; here quoted from Buckland, 1991).
A much cited article asked "what is a document" and concluded this way: “The evolving notion of ‘‘document’’ among Otlet, Briet, Schürmeyer, and the other documentalists increasingly emphasized whatever functioned as a document rather than traditional physical forms of documents. The shift to digital technology would seem to make this distinction even more important. Levy’s thoughtful analyses have shown that an emphasis on the technology of digital documents has impeded our understanding of digital documents as documents (e.g., Levy, 1994[2]) . A conventional document, such as a mail message or a technical report, exists physically in digital technology as a string of bits, but so does everything else in a digital environment.too and made an object of study, it has been made into a document. It has become physical evidence being used by those who study it. Indeed, scholarly articles written about the antilog
[edit] Tags:Otlet,Briet,Schürmeyer,Quote,Report,Evidence, | |
| Types of documents | |
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Documents are sometimes classified as secret, private or public. They may also be described as a draft or proof. When a document is copied, the source is referred to as the original.
There are accepted standards for specific applications in various fields, such as:
a7a: thesis, dissertation, paper, journal
Business and accounting: Invoice, quote, RFP, Proposal, Contract, Packing slip, Manifest, Report detailed & summary, Spread sheet, MSDS, Waybill, Bill of Lading (BOL), Statement, Nondisclosure agreement (NDA) or sometimes referred to as; Mutual nondisclosure agreement (MNDA)
Law and politics: summons, certificate, license, gazette
Government and industry: white paper
Media and marketing: brief, mock-up, script
Such standard documents can be created based on a template.
[edit] Tags:Secret,Private,Copied,Original,Thesis,Dissertation,Paper,Journal,Invoice,Rfp,Proposal,Contract,Packing Slip,Manifest,Spread Sheet,Msds,Waybill,Bill Of Lading,Statement,Nondisclosure Agreement,Summons,Certificate,License,Gazette,White Paper,Brief,Mock-up,Template, | |
| Developing documents | |
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The page layout of a document is the manner in which information is graphically arranged in the document space (e.g., on a page). If the appearance of the document is of concern, page layout is generally the responsibility of a graphic designer. Typography deals with the design of letter and symbol forms, as well as their physical arrangement in the document (see typesetting). Information design focuses on the effective communication of information, especially in industrial documents and public signs. Simple text documents may not require a visual design and may be handled by an author, clerk or transcriber. Forms may require a visual design for the initial fields, but not to fill out the forms.
[edit] Tags:Graphic Designer,Typesetting,Information Design,Author,Clerk,Transcriber, | |
| History | |
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Traditionally, the medium of a document was paper and the information was applied to it as ink, either by hand (to make a hand-written document) or by a mechanical process (such as a printing press or, more recently, a laser printer).
Through time, documents have also been written with ink on papyrus (starting in ancient Egypt) or parchment; scratched as runes on stone using a sharp apparatus; stamped or cut into clay and then baked to make clay tablets (e.g., in the Sumerian and other Mesopotamian civilisations). The paper, papyrus or parchment might be rolled up as a scroll or cut into sheets and bound into a book. Today short documents might also consist of sheets of paper stapled together.
Modern electronic means of storing and displaying documents include:
desktop computer and monitor (or laptop, tablet PC, etc.); optionally with a printer to obtain a hard copy
Personal digital assistant (PDA)
dedicated e-book device
electronic paper
information appliances
digital audio players
radio and television service provider
Digital documents usually have to adhere to a specific file format in order to be useful.
That documents cannot be defined by their transmission medium
[edit] Tags:Transmission Medium,Printing Press,Papyrus,Egypt,Parchment,Runes,Clay,Clay Tablets,Sumerian,Mesopotamian,Scroll,Bound,Desktop Computer,Monitor,Laptop,Tablet Pc,Printer,Hard Copy,Personal Digital Assistant,E-book Device,Electronic Paper,Information Appliances, | |
| In law | |
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Documents in all forms are frequently found to be material evidence in criminal and civil proceedings. The forensic analysis of such a document falls under the scope of questioned document examination. For the purpose of cataloging and managing the large number of documents that may be produced in the course of a law suit, Bates numbering is often applied to all documents so that each document has a unique, aribitrary identifying number.
[edit] Tags: | |
| See also | |
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Related concepts:
Data storage device: to store documents.
Document automation
Document collaboration
Document-centric collaboration
Document file format: a standard used for represent the document into a storage device.
Media type: document parts (text block, illustration, audio sample, etc.) can use different media types to store and "display" it.
Internet of Things
Realia (library science)
Subject (documents)
Other related articles:
Historical document
Desktop publishing
Word processor
Documentary film
Documentation science
[edit] Tags: | |
| References | |
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^ Buckland, M. (1998). What is a digital document? In: Document Numérique (Paris) 2(2), http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~buckland/digdoc.html
^ Levy, D. M. (1994) . Fixed or fluid? Document stability and new media. In European Conference on Hypertext Technology 1994 Proceedings, (pp. 24–31) . New York: Association for Computing Machinery. Retrieved 2011-10-18 from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.119.8813&rep=rep1&type=pdf
[edit] Tags: | |
| Further reading | |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Documents
Briet, S. (1951). Qu'est-ce que la documentation? Paris: Documentaires Industrielles et Techniques.
Buckland, M. (1991). Information and information systems. New York: Greenwood Press.
Frohmann, Bernd (2009). Revisiting "what is a document?" , Journal of Documentation, 65(2), 291-303.
Hjerppe, R. (1994). A framework for the description of generalized documents. Advances in Knowledge Organization, 4, 173-180.
Houser, L. (1986). Documents: The domain of library and information science. Library and Information Science Research, 8, 163-188.
Larsen, P.S. (1999). Books and bytes: Preserving documents for posterity. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 50(11), 1020-1027.
Lund, N. W. (2008). Document theory. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 43, 399-432.
Riles, A. (Ed.) (2006). Documents: Artifacts of Modern Knowledge. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI.
Schamber, L. (1996). What is a document? Rethinking the concept in uneasy times. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 47, 669-671.
Signer, Beat: What is Wrong with Digital Documents? A Conceptual Model for Structural Cross-Media Content Composition and Reuse, In Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (ER 2010), Vancouver, Canada, November 2010.
Ørom, A. (2007). The concept of information versus the concept of document. I: Document (re)turn. Contributions from a research field in transition. Ed. By Roswitha Skare, Niels Windfeld Lund & Andreas Vårheim. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. (Pp. 53-72).
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