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| Southern American English | |
| 2>
Vowel breaking is characteristic of the "Southern drawl" of Southern American English, where the short front vowels have developed a glide up to [j], and then in some areas back down to schwa: pat [pæjət], pet [pɛjət], pit [pɪjət].[citation needed]
[edit] Tags:Edit,Southern American English,Front Vowels, | |
| Middle English | |
| 2>
Main article: Middle English breaking
In early Middle English, a vowel /i/ was inserted between a front vowel and a following /h/ (pronounced [ç] in this context), and a vowel /u/ was inserted between a back vowel and a following /h/ (pronounced [x] in this context). This is a prototypical example of the narrow sense of "vowel breaking" as described above: The original vowel breaks into a diphthong that assimilates to the following consonant, gaining a front /i/ before a palatal consonant and /u/ before a velar consonant.
[edit] Tags:Diphthong,Velar,Palatal,Middle English Breaking,Palatal Consonant,Velar Consonant,Article, | |
| Old English | |
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Main article: Old English breaking
Main article: Back umlaut
There are two processes in Old English that are examples of harmonic vowel breaking, called Old English breaking and back umlaut.
Old English breaking is a process in prehistoric Old English whereby stressed short and long i, e, æ become short and long diphthongs spelled io, eo, ea (respectively), when followed by h or by r, l + another consonant (short vowels only), and sometimes w (only for certain short vowels).
Examples are:[2]
PG *fallan → feallan "fall"
PG *erþō → eorþe "earth"
Back umlaut is a process in late prehistoric Old English whereby short i, e, æ become short diphthongs spelled io, eo, ea (respectively) before a back vowel in the next syllable, if the intervening consonant is of a certain nature. The specific nature of which consonants trigger back umlaut and which block them varies from dialect to dialect.
[edit] Tags:Umlaut,Old English Breaking,Back Umlaut,Old English, | |
| Old Norse | |
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Main article: Old Norse phonological processes
Proto-Germanic stressed short e becomes ja or (before u) jǫ regularly in Old Norse except after w, r, l. Examples are:
PG *ek(a) "I" → (east) ON jak, Swedish jag, Danish and Norwegian Bokmål jeg (but Jutlandic æ, a, Icelandic ek → ég, Nynorsk eg)
Faroese has both. The standard form is eg, while the dialects of Suðuroy have jeg.
PG *hertōn "heart" → ON hjarta, Swedish hjärta, Faroese hjarta, Danish hjerte
PG *erþō "earth" → Proto-Norse *erþū → ON jǫrð, Swedish, Danish jord, Faroese jørð
According to some scholars,[3] the diphthongisation of e is an unconditioned sound change, whereas other scholars speak about epenthesis[4] or umlaut.[5]
[edit] Tags:Sound Change,Epenthesis,Proto-germanic,Old Norse,Swedish,Danish,Jutlandic,Icelandic,Nynorsk,Faroese,Suðuroy, | |
| Romance languages | |
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In many of the Romance languages, the Vulgar Latin vowels e and o in stressed position sometimes underwent breaking. The result of breaking varies between languages: e and o become ie and ue in Spanish, but ea and oa in Romanian.
In some languages breaking is absent in some cases.
Latin mortem "death" (acc.) → Spanish muerte (breaking), but French mort (no breaking)
Latin festa "feast" (neuter plural) → Spanish fiesta, but Middle French feste, Modern French fête (no breaking)
[edit] Tags:Romance Languages,Vulgar Latin,Romanian,Acc.,French,Neuter,Middle French, | |
| Proto-Indo-European | |
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Some scholars[6] believe that Proto-Indo-European (PIE) i, u has a kind of breaking before an original laryngeal in Greek, Armenian and Tocharian, whereas the other Indo-European languages have monophthongs. Typical examples are:
PIE *gʷih3wos → *gʷioHwos "alive" → Gk. ζωός, Toch. B śāw-, śāy- (but Skt. jīvá-, Lat. vīvus)
PIE *protih3kʷom → *protioHkʷom "front side" → Gk. πρόσωπον "face", Toch. B pratsāko "breast" (but Skt. prátīka-)
PIE *duh2ros → *duaHros "long" → Gk. δηρός, Arm. *twār → erkar (Skt. dūrá-, Lat. dūrus).
However, the hypothesis is not adopted by most handbooks.
[edit] Tags:Monophthong,Proto-indo-european,Laryngeal,Greek,Armenian,Pie,Gk.,Toch. B,Skt.,Lat.,Arm., | |
| References | |
| 2>
Crowley, Terry. (1997) An Introduction to Historical Linguistics. 3rd edition. Oxford University Press.
^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
^ Robert B. Howell 1991. Old English breaking and its Germanic analogues (Linguistische Arbeiten, 253.). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer
^ J. Svensson, Diftongering med palatalt förslag i de nordiska språken, Lund 1944.
^ H. Paul, "Zur Geschichte des germanischen Vocalismus", Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Kultur 6 (1879) 16-30.
^ K. M. Nielsen, Acta Philologica Scandinavica 24 (1957) 33-45.
^ F. Normier, in: Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 91 (1977) 171-218; J.S. Klein, in: Die Laryngaltheorie und die Rekonstruktion des indogermanischen Laut- und Formensystems, Heidelberg 1988, 257-279; J.E. Rasmussen, in: Selected Papers on Indo-European Linguistics, Copenhagen 1999, 442-458.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vowel_breaking&oldid=454151681"
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Tags:Historical Linguistics,J. Svensson, | |
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