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| About the term | |
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The word demonym comes from the Greek word for "populace" (δῆμος demos) with the suffix for "name" (-onym).
National Geographic Magazine attributes this term to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson.[2] It was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals.[3] Dickson himself attributed the term to George H. Scheetz in What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names (the first edition of Labels for Locals).[4] The term first appeared in Names' Names: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon by George H. Scheetz.[1] The term is foreshadowed in demonymic, which the Oxford English Dictionary defines as the name of an Athenian citizen according to the deme to which he belonged, with first usage traced to 1893.[5][6]
The term demonym is not widely employed or known outside geographical circles and does not yet appear in mainstream dictionaries. It is used by some geographers, both online and within their studies and teaching.[7]
Some places, particularly smaller cities and towns, may not have an established word for their residents; toponymists have a particular challenge in researching these. In some countries, like Belgium and Luxembourg, there is strong tradition of "demonym-like nicknames", called blason populaire in French. In some cases, this blason populaire is frequently used as the name of the inhabitants.
[edit] Tags:Greek,-onym,National Geographic Magazine,Merriam-webster,Paul Dickson,Oxford English Dictionary,Deme,Toponymists,Belgium,Blason Populaire,French,Suffix,Luxembourg,English,Webster,Resident,Nickname,Nation, | |
| Demonyms as roots | |
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While many demonyms are derived from placenames, many countries are named for their inhabitants (Finland for the Finns, Germany for the Germans, Thailand for the Thais, Denmark for the Danes, France for the Franks, Slovakia for the Slovaks, and Slovenia for the Slovenes). Tribes and peoples generally have a longer continuous history than their countries; tribal names often imply a descent from a single ancestor, such as Rus as the legendary ancestor of the Russians. In Bantu languages the name of the land and the name of the inhabitants will have a common root distinguished by different prefixes (e.g. Buganda, land, and Baganda, inhabitants).
[edit] Tags:Derived,Finland,Finns,Germany,Germans,Thailand,Thais,Denmark,Danes,France,Franks,Slovakia,Slovaks,Slovenia,Slovenes,Rus,Russians,Bantu Languages,Russia,Slovak,Thai, | |
| Adjectives as placenames | |
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Some placenames originated as adjectives. In such cases the placename and the demonym are often the same word. This dual function is very common in French, where for example Lyonnais means either the region or an inhabitant of Lyon. Examples include:
Argentina: properly República Argentina (Argentine Republic) or Tierra Argentina (Land of Silver), from Latin argentum (silver). In English, the Spanish form Argentina is used for the country, the parallel English form Argentine as demonym and general adjective. The adjectival forms of Argentinean or Argentinian are used in the United Kingdom; however, the Oxford English Dictionary lists Argentine as the correct demonym.[5] (Argentinian is a demonym for the Argentine, an archaic name for Argentina, and hence a less direct derivation.)
Brazil: from pau brasil (pau: wood; brasil: ember-red color), the name of a native Brazilian tree highly regarded by the Portuguese explorers. The adjective brasil (Brazil in the old Portuguese spelling) came to be the official name for the whole country and lost its adjectival nature.
Philippines: from Philippine Islands (Spanish: Islas Filipinas), named after King Philip II of Spain. Here, Philippine is the general adjective, while the Spanish masculine noun Filipino is the demonym. The English plural is Filipinos, as in Spanish.
[edit] Tags:Lyon,Brazil,Pau Brasil,Ember,Philippines,Philippine Islands,Argentina,Filipino,Spanish,Spain,Lyonnais, | |
| Suffixation | |
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The English language uses several models to create demonyms. The most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location's name, slightly modified in some instances. These may be modeled after Late Latin, Semitic, Celtic or Germanic suffixes, such as:
-(a)n (countries / continents: Africa → African, Albania → Albanian, America → American, Armenia → Armenian, Asia → Asian, Australia → Australian, Austria → Austrian, Bosnia → Bosnian, Brunei → Bruneian, Bulgaria → Bulgarian, Burma → Burmese (though see below; Irregular forms), Cambodia → Cambodian, Chile → Chilean, Colombia → Colombian, Costa Rica → Costa Rican, Croatia → Croatian, Cuba → Cuban, El Salvador → Salvadoran, Estonia → Estonian, Ethiopia → Ethiopian, Europe → European, Georgia → Georgian, Germany → German, Guatemala → Guatemalan, Haiti → Haitian, Honduras → Honduran, Hungary → Hungarian, India → Indian, Indonesia → Indonesian, Italy → Italian, Jamaica → Jamaican, Kenya → Kenyan, [North / South] Korea → [North / South] Korean, Laos → Laotian, Latvia → Latvian, Lithuania → Lithuanian, Macedonia → Macedonian, Malaysia → Malaysian, Mali → Malian, Mexico → Mexican, Mongolia → Mongolian, Morocco → Moroccan, Nicaragua → Nicaraguan, Paraguay → Paraguayan, Romania → Romanian, Russia → Russian, Saudi Arabia → Saudi Arabian, Singapore → Singaporean, Slovakia → Slovakian, Slovenia → Slovenian, South Africa → South African, Sri Lanka → Sri Lankan, Syria → Syrian, United States of America → American, Uruguay → Uruguayan, Venezuela → Venezuelan; cities / states: Arizona → Arizonan, Atlanta → Atlantan, Baltimore → Baltimorean, California → Californian, Catalonia → Catalan, Chicago → Chicagoan, Cincinnati → Cincinnatian, El Paso → El Pasoan, Louisiana → Louisianian, Miami → Miamian, Minneapolis → Minneapolitan, Minnesota → Minnesotan, Nebraska → Nebraskan, Ottawa → Ottawan, Philadelphia → Philadelphian, Regina → Reginan, Riga → Rigan, Rome → Roman, San Antonio → San Antonian, San Diego → San Diegan, San Francisco → San Franciscan, San Jose → San Josean, Tasmania → Tasmanian, Tucson → Tucsonan Tulsa → Tulsan, Utah → Utahn)
-ian (countries: Bahamas → Bahamian, Barbados → Bajan, Belarus → Belarusian, Belgium → Belgian, Bermuda → Bermudian, Brazil → Brazilian, Canada → Canadian, Egypt → Egyptian, Ecuador → Ecuadorian, Iran → Iranian (also "Irani" or "Persian"), Jordan → Jordanian, Panama → Panamanian, Ukraine → Ukrainian; cities / states: Adelaide → Adelaidian, Athens → Athenian, Boston → Bostonian, Brisbane → Brisbanian (also "Brisbanite"), Calgary → Calgarian, Coventry → Coventrian, Edmonton → Edmontonian, Florida → Floridian, Fort Worth → Fort Worthian, Gibraltar → Gibraltarian, Hanoi (Vietnam) → Hanoian, Houston → Houstonian, Isles of Scilly → Scillonian, Lethbridge → Lethbridgian, Liverpool → Liverpudlian, Louisville → Louisvillian, New Guinea → New Guinian, Madrid → Madrilenian, Manchester → Mancunian, McKinney → McKinnian, Melbourne → Melburnian, New Orleans → New Orleanian, Oregon → Oregonian, Paris → Parisian, Peterborough → Peterborian, Phoenix → Phoenician, Saskatoon → Saskatonian (Saskabusher), Toronto → Torontonian, Washington → Washingtonian, Wellington → Wellingtonian)
-in(e) (Florence → Florentine (also Latin "Florentia"), Montenegro → Montenegrin, Philistia → Philistine, Argentina → Argentine cf. above)
-ite (Ann Arbor → Ann Arborite, Austin → Austinite, Brisbane → Brisbanite (also "Brisbanian"), Chennai → Chennaite, Dallas → Dallasite, Delhi → Delhite, Denver → Denverite, Dunedin → Dunedinite, Irmo → Irmite, Israel → Israelite (also "Israeli", depending on the usage; see below), Moscow → Muscovite (also Latin "Muscovia"), New Hampshire → New Hampshirite, Perth → Perthite, Ruskin → Ruskinite, Seattle → Seattleite, Seoul → Seoulite, Springfield -> Springfieldianite, Tokyo → Tokyoite, Vancouver → Vancouverite, Wisconsin → Wisconsinite, Wyoming → Wyomingite), mostly for cities.
-er (Arkansas → Arkansawyer, Auckland → Aucklander, Beijing → Beijinger, Berlin → Berliner, Cleveland → Clevelander, Copenhagen → Copenhagener, Detroit → Detroiter, Dublin → Dubliner, Hamburg → Hamburger, Hong Kong → Hongkonger, Iceland → Icelander, London → Londoner, Luxembourg → Luxembourger, Michigan → Michigander, Montreal → Montrealer, Netherlands → Netherlander (though see below; Irregular forms), New England → New Englander, New York → New Yorker, New Zealand → New Zealander (Kiwi), Pittsburgh → Pittsburgher, Quebec → Quebecker or Quebecer (though see below; Irregular forms), Saigon (Vietnam) → Saigoner, Somaliland → Somalilander, Stockholm → Stockholmer, Tallinn → Tallinner, Winnipeg → Winnipegger)
-(en)o (Los Angeles → Angeleno or Los Angeleno, Philippines → Filipino cf. above), adapted from a standard Spanish suffix -(eñ/n)o, as in salvadoreño, madrileño, Zamboanga City → Zamboangueño, andorrano, or chino
-ish (Denmark → Danish, England → English, Finland → Finnish, Ireland → Irish, Kurdistan → Kurdish, Poland → Polish, Scotland → Scottish, Spain → Spanish, Sweden → Swedish, Turkey → Turkish, Cornwall → Cornish, Åland → Ålandish), mostly for countries
"-ish" is usually only proper as an adjective. Thus many common "-ish" forms have irregular demonyms, e.g. Britain/British/Briton; Denmark/Danish/Dane; England/English/Englishman; Ireland/Irish/Irishman; Poland/Polish/Pole; Scotland/Scottish/Scot; Spain/Spanish/Spaniard; Sweden/Swedish/Swede; Flanders/Flemish/Fleming.
-ene (Damascus → Damascene, Nazareth → Nazarene)
-ensian (Kingston-upon-Hull (U.K.) → Hullensian)
-ard (Spain → Spaniard, Savoy → Savoyard)
-(l)ese (Calabria → Calabrese, China → Chinese, Congo → Congolese, Da Lat (Vietnam) → Dalatese, The Faroe Islands → Faroese, Genoa → Genovese, Hong Kong → Hongkongese, Japan → Japanese, Lebanon → Lebanese, Macau → Macanese, Malta → Maltese, Portugal → Portuguese, Shanghai → Shanghainese, Sudan → Sudanese, Taiwan → Taiwanese, Togo → Togolese, the Tyrol → Tyrolese, Vienna → Viennese, Vietnam → Vietnamese,)
"-ese" is usually considered proper only as an adjective, or to refer to the entirety. Thus, "a Chinese person" is used rather than "a Chinese".
Often used for East Asian and Francophone locations, from the similar-sounding French suffix -ais(e), which is originally from the Latin adjectival ending -ensis, designating origin from a place: thus Hispaniensis (Spanish), Danensis (Danish), etc.
-i (Afghanistan → Afghanistani, Azerbaijan → Azerbaijani, Bahrain → Bahraini, Bangladesh → Bangladeshi, Bengal → Bengali, Desh → Desi, Hyderabad → Hyderabadi, Iraq → Iraqi, Israel → Israeli (in the Modern State of Israel), Kazakhstan → Kazakhstani, Kuwait → Kuwaiti, Nepal → Nepali, Oman → Omani, Pakistan → Pakistani, Qatar → Qatari, Somalia → Somali (not Somalian), United Arab Emirates → United Arab Emirati, Uzbekistan → Uzbekistani, Yemen → Yemeni), mostly for Middle Eastern and South Asian locales and in Latinate names for the various people that ancient Romans encountered (e.g. Allemanni, Helvetii)
-ic (Hispania → Hispanic, Turk → Turkic) derives from a Latinate suffix widely used outside ethnonyms (e.g., chemical compounds), which with regard to people is mostly used adjectivally (Semite vs. Semitic, Arab/Arabian vs. Arabic) to refer to a wider ethnic or linguistic group (Turkic vs. Turkish, Finnic vs. Finnish).
-iot(e) (Cyprus → Cypriot, Phanar → Phanariote), especially for Greek locations.
-asque (Menton → Mentonasque, Monaco → Monégasque)
-gian (Galloway → Galwegian, Galway → Galwegian, Glasgow → Glaswegian, Norway → Norwegian)
-onian (Bath → Bathonian, Dundee → Dundonian, Newport → Newportonian)
-vian (Kraków → Krakovian, Oamaru → Oamaruvian, Oslo → Oslovian, Peru → Peruvian, Warsaw → Varsovian, Waterloo → Waterluvian)
[edit] Tags:/,Italy,Italian,Netherlands,Late Latin,Semitic,Celtic,Germanic,Africa,Albania,America,Armenia,Asia,Australia,Austria,Bosnia,Brunei,Bulgaria,Burma,Cambodia,Chile,Colombia,Costa Rica,Croatia,Cuba,El Salvador,Estonia,Ethiopia,Europe,Georgia,Guatemala,Haiti,Honduras,Hungary,India,Indonesia,Jamaica,Kenya,Korea,Laos,Latvia,Lithuania,Macedonia,Malaysia,Mali,Mexico,Mongolia,Morocco,Nicaragua,Paraguay,Romania,Saudi Arabia,Singapore,South Africa,Sri Lanka,Syria,United States Of America,Uruguay,Venezuela,Arizona,Atlanta,Baltimore,California,Catalonia,Chicago,Cincinnati,El Paso,Louisiana,Miami,Minneapolis,Minnesota,Nebraska,Ottawa,Philadelphia,Regina,Riga,Rome,San Antonio,San Diego,San Francisco,San Jose,Tasmania,Tucson,Tulsa,Utah,Bahamas,Barbados,Belarus,Bermuda,Canada,Egypt,Ecuador,Iran,Jordan,Panama,Ukraine,Adelaide,Athens,Boston,Brisbane,Calgary,Coventry,Edmonton,Florida,Fort Worth,Gibraltar,Hanoi,Houston,Isles Of Scilly,Lethbridge,Liverpool,Louisville,New Guinea,Madrid,Manchester,Mckinney,Melbourne,New Orleans,Oregon,Paris,Peterborough,Phoenix,Saskatoon,Saskabusher,Toronto,Washington,Wellington,Florence,Montenegro,Philistia,Ann Arbor,Austin,Chennai,Dallas,Delhi,Denver,Dunedin,Irmo,Israel,Moscow,New Hampshire,Perth,Ruskin,Seattle,Seoul,Springfield,Tokyo,Vancouver,Wisconsin,Wyoming,Arkansas,Auckland,Beijing,Berlin,Cleveland,Copenhagen,Detroit,Dublin,Hamburg,Hamburger,Hong Kong,Hongkonger,Iceland,London,Michigan,Montreal,New England,New York,New Zealand,Pittsburgh,Quebec,Saigon,Somaliland,Stockholm,Tallinn,Winnipeg,Los Angeles,Zamboanga City,Zamboangueño,England,Ireland,Kurdistan,Poland,Scotland,Sweden,Turkey,Cornwall,Britain,Flanders,Damascus,Nazareth,Savoy,Calabria,China,Congo,Da Lat,The Faroe Islands,Genoa,Japan,Lebanon,Macau, | |
| Irregular forms | |
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There are many irregular demonyms for recently formed entities, such as those in the New World. There are other demonyms that are borrowed from the native or another language.
In some cases, both the location's name and the demonym are produced by suffixation, for example England and English and English(wo)man (derived from the Angle tribe). In some cases the derivation is concealed enough that it is no longer morphemic: France → French (or Frenchman/Frenchwoman) or Flanders → Flemish or Wales → Welsh.
In some of the latter cases the noun is formed by adding -man or -woman, for example English/Englishman/Englishwoman; Irish/Irishman/Irishwoman; Chinese/Chinese man/Chinese woman (versus the archaic or derogatory terms Chinaman/Chinawoman, which are not the preferred nomenclature).
From Latin or Latinization
Ashbourne → Ashburnian (Essiburn)
Colchester → Colcestrian
Exeter → Exonian
Halifax → Haligonian
Leeds → Leodensian (Ledesia)
Lviv → Leopolitan (Leopolis)
Manchester → Mancunian (Mancunia)
Melbourne → Melburnian (Melburnia)
Naples → Neapolitan (Neapolis)
Newcastle → Novocastrian (Novum Castrum)
St Albans → Verulamian (Verulamium)
University of Cambridge → Cantabrigian
University of Oxford → Oxonian
Venice → Venetian
From native or other languages
Aguascalientes (lit. "hot waters") → Hidrocálido, from Mexico's state and city.
Barbados → Bajan A colloquial term a shortened form of Barbadian → Bar-bajan → Bajan
Birmingham → Brummie
Botswana → Batswana (plural), Motswana (singular)
Brittany → Breton (from French)
Burkina Faso → Burkinabè
Burma/Myanmar → Myanma
Cambodia → Khmer (also Cambodian)
Colchester → Colcestrian
County Cork → Corkonian
Dundee → Dundonian
Fontainebleau → Bellifontain (from French)
Glasgow → Glaswegian
Hartlepool → Hartlepudlian
Karnataka → Kannadiga (from the local demonym)
Kerala → Keralite
Kiribati → i-Kiribati
Kosovo → Kosovar (Albanian language)
Lesotho → Basotho (from Sesotho)
Liverpool → Liverpudlian or Scouser
Lyon → Lyonnais (from French)
Mumbai → Mumbaikar (either gender), Mumbaikars
Netherlands → Dutch (from Middle Dutch: Duuts, High German: Deutsch, or Proto-Germanic: *þeudiskaz (all three meaning "national/popular"))
Nice → Niçois (from French)
Nunavut → Nunavummiuq (from Inuktitut)
Philippines → Pinoy (m.)/ Pinay (f.)
Pegswood → Pegswardian
Quebec → Québécois (from French)
Rivière-du-Loup → Louperivois
Stockport → Stopfordian
Tamil Nadu → Tamilian
The Hague → Hagenees (people born in the inner city), Hagenaar (people born elsewhere)
Twente → Tukker
Vanuatu → ni-Vanuatu
Irregular singular forms
Czech Republic → Czech
Greece → Greek
Isle of Man → Manx
Madagascar → Malagasy
Serbia → Serb
Seychelles → Seychellois
Slovakia → Slovak
Soviet Union → Soviet
Spain → Spaniard
St Etienne→ Stephanois
Sweden → Swede
Switzerland → Swiss
Thailand → Thai
New World forms
In the case of most Canadian provinces and territories and U.S. states, it is unusual to use demonyms as attributive adjectives (for example "Manitoba maple", not "Manitoban maple"); thus they are generally used only predicatively ("Ben Franklin was Pennsylvanian") or substantively ("Eight Virginians have become Presidents of the United States"). There are some exceptions — the attributive adjective for Alaska for many is Alaskan; the same is true for Alberta (Albertan), Texas (Texan), and Hawaii (Hawaiian).
Antioquia, Caldas, Risaralda and Quindío → Paisa
Buenos Aires → Porteño (city), Bonaerense (province)
Canada → Canadien (male), Canadienne (female), when referring to someone of French-Canadian heritage
Quebec → Quebecker or Quebecer, English alternatives to Québécois (which may carry language and political implications)
Halifax → Haligonian
Toronto → Torontonian
Waterloo → Waterluvian
Connecticut → Connecticuter (uncommon), Nutmegger (common)
Indianapolis → Indianapolitan
Indiana → Hoosier
Los Angeles → Angeleno
Maine → Mainer
Maryland → Marylander ( /ˈmærɨləndər/ marr-i-lənd-ər, sometimes /ˈmɛərləndər/ mair-lənd-ər)
Mexico City → Chilango
Michigan → Michigander or Michiganian (coming from the Upper Peninsula → Yooper)
Minneapolis → Minneapolitan
Newfoundland and Labrador → Newfoundlander, Labradorian, Newfie (also Newf or sometimes Newfy)
Ohio → Buckeye (nickname)
Oklahoma → Okie (derogatory), Oklahoman (formally)
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania →Yinzer
Phoenix, Arizona → Phoenician
Portland → Portlander
Rio de Janeiro → Fluminense (State), Carioca (City)
São Paulo → Paulista (State), Paulistano (City)
Sydney → Sydneysider
Texas → Texan (see also Texian and Tejano)
Wisconsin → Wisconsinite (see also Cheesehead)
According to Webster's New International Dictionary, 1993, a person who is a native or resident of Connecticut is a "Connecticuter", although many prefer "Connecticutian" or the slightly shorter "Connecticite"; The nickname "Nutmegger", which is not a demonym, is also used.
A person who is a native or resident of Indiana is a Hoosier, an irregular demonym whose origin is obscure. The state's official nickname is "The Hoosier State." Hoosier is also an attributive adjective (e.g.: "the Hoosier Lottery"). Demonyms like "Indianan" or "Indianian" are attributed to the state by federal publications and dictionaries, but are confusing at best and not used in practice. (Since "Indiana" literally means "land of the Indians," the historical mistake initiated by Columbus becomes inherently absurd and clunky: "of the people of the land of the Indians," or perhaps "of the land of the land of the Indians," or even "of the land of the land of the land of the people of india") A search of the state's official website at in.gov on June 16, 2010 found 13 instances of the word Indianian and 47 of the word Indianan, compared to more than 20,000 of the word Hoosier.
[edit] Tags:Dutch, | |
| Double forms | |
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Some regions and populaces also have double forms, as the concepts of nation and state are diverging once more. Hence, one whose genetic ancestors were from Britain is a Briton, whereas one with a passport from the country is considered British. The Franks settled France, but the citizens are French. This may be the case for states that were formed or dissolved relatively recently. As in the examples below, another reason for double forms of demonyms may be in relation to historical, cultural or religious issues.
Greek gods but Ode on a Grecian Urn—Greek may apply to anything connected with Greece, but Grecian is restricted to ancient culture.
Israelite but Israeli—Israelite pertaining to the ancient tribes and kingdom of Israel; Israeli pertaining to the modern nation of the same name.
Scotch whisky but Scottish art—Scotch used primarily for food and drink products of Scotland (broth, oats. Also mist) — in most other contexts it is archaic and often considered mildly derogatory; Scottish for anything else pertaining to Scotland. Confusingly, Scots is also used adjectivally when referring to the people of Scotland, and/or to either Scots Gaelic or Scots English (Lowlands).
Asian refers to people or objects from Asia; Oriental refers to objects.
Due to the flexibility of the international system, the opposite is often also true, where one word might apply to multiple groups. The U.S. Department of State states that 98 percent of the Austrian population is ethnically German,[8] while the CIA World Factbook contradicts this assertion by saying Austrians are a separate group (see Various terms used for Germans).[9]
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| Fiction | |
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Literature and science have created a wealth of demonyms that are not directly associated with a cultural group, such as Martian for hypothetical people of Mars (credited to scientist Percival Lowell), Jovian for those of Jupiter or its moons, Earthling (from the diminutive -ling, ultimately from Old English -ing meaning 'descendant') as a possible name for the people of Earth (as also "Terran", "Terrene", "Tellurian", "Earther", "Earthican", "terrestrial", and "Solarian" - from Sol, the sun), and Lilliputians and Brobdingnagians from the islands of Lilliput and Brobdingnag in the satire Gulliver's Travels. Some of these, like Venusians for a putative resident of Venus, are technically incorrect; to conform with the Latin etymon, they should be Venerians. Said demonyms of planets are often used astronomically to describe characteristics, such as surface, satellites, and weather, of the same planets: e.g., a Jovian storm.
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| Cultural problems | |
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There will often be differences between endonyms (terms used by groups themselves) and exonyms (terms used by outsiders to describe a group). Exonyms often lack the internal variety of endonyms: they often lump together groups who see themselves as distinct. For example, terms like Iroquois, Aztec, Māori, and Eskimo might be used by outsiders to refer to groups as a whole, whereas members of each of these groups will favor more differentiated endodyms. In extreme cases, groups may take an ex Tags: | |
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