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| Nature of the work | |
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Some of this section is from the Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2006–07 Edition, which is in the public domain as a work of the United States Government.
Computer programmers write, test, debug, and maintain the detailed instructions, called computer programs, that computers must follow to perform their functions. Programmers also conceive, design, and test logical structures for solving problems by computer. Many technical innovations in programming — advanced computing technologies and sophisticated new languages and programming tools — have redefined the role of a programmer and elevated much of the programming work done today. Job titles and descriptions may vary, depending on the organization.
Programmers work in many settings, including corporate information technology departments, big software companies, and small service firms. Many professional programmers also work for consulting companies at client' sites as contractors. Licensing is not typically required to work as a programmer, although professional certifications are commonly held by programmers. Programming is widely considered a profession (although some[who?] authorities disagree on the grounds that only careers with legal licensing requirements count as a profession).
Programmers' work varies widely depending on the type of business they are writing programs for. For example, the instructions involved in updating financial records are very different from those required to duplicate conditions on an aircraft for pilots training in a flight simulator. Although simple programs can be written in a few hours, programs that use complex mathematical formulas whose solutions can only be approximated or that draw data from many existing systems may require more than a year of work. In most cases, several programmers work together as a team under a senior programmer’s supervision.
Programmers write programs according to the specifications determined primarily by more senior programmers and by systems analysts. After the design process is complete, it is the job of the programmer to convert that design into a logical series of instructions that the computer can follow. The programmer codes these instructions in one of many programming languages. Different programming languages are used depending on the purpose of the program. COBOL, for example, is commonly used for business applications which are run on mainframe and midrange computers, whereas Fortran is used in science and engineering. C++ is widely used for both scientific and business applications. Java, C# and PHP are popular programming languages for Web and business applications. Programmers generally know more than one programming language and, because many languages are similar, they often can learn new languages relatively easily. In practice, programmers often are referred to by the language they know, e.g. as Java programmers, or by the type of function they perform or environment in which they work: for example, database programmers, mainframe programmers, or Web developers.
When making changes to the source code that programs are made up of, programmers need to make other programmers aware of the task that the routine is to perform. They do this by inserting comments in the source code so that others can understand the program more easily. To save work, programmers often use libraries of basic code that can be modified or customized for a specific application. This approach yields more reliable and consistent programs and increases programmers' productivity by eliminating some routine steps.
[edit] Tags:C,C++,Java,Public Domain,Work Of The United States Government,Computer Programs,Information Technology,Contractors,Licensing,Professional Certifications,Profession,Programming Languages,Cobol,Mainframe,Midrange,Fortran,Php,Database,Web Developers,Source Code,Libraries,Edit, | |
| Testing and debugging | |
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Programmers test a program by running it and looking for bugs. As they are identified, the programmer usually makes the appropriate corrections, then rechecks the program until an acceptably low level and severity of bugs remain. This process is called testing and debugging. These are important parts of every programmer's job. Programmers may continue to fix these problems throughout the life of a program. Updating, repairing, modifying, and expanding existing programs is sometimes called maintenance programming. Programmers may contribute to user guides and online help, or they may work with technical writers to do such work.
Certain scenarios or execution paths may be difficult to test, in which case the programmer may elect to test by inspection which involves a human inspecting the code on the relevant execution path, perhaps hand executing the code. Test by inspection is also sometimes used as a euphemism for inadequate testing. It may be difficult to properly assess whether the term is being used euphemistically.
[edit] Tags:Testing,Debugging,User Guides,Online Help,Technical Writers,Help, | |
| Application versus system programming | |
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Computer programmers often are grouped into two broad types: application programmers and systems programmers. Application programmers write programs to handle a specific job, such as a program to track inventory within an organization. They also may revise existing packaged software or customize generic applications which are frequently purchased from independent software vendors. Systems programmers, in contrast, write programs to maintain and control computer systems software, such as operating systems and database management systems. These workers make changes in the instructions that determine how the network, workstations, and CPU of the system handle the various jobs they have been given and how they communicate with peripheral equipment such as printers and disk drives.
[edit] Tags:Independent Software Vendors,Operating Systems,Database Management Systems,Cpu,Printers,Disk Drives, | |
| Types of software | |
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Programmers in software development companies may work directly with experts from various fields to create software — either programs designed for specific clients or packaged software for general use — ranging from computer and video games to educational software to programs for desktop publishing and financial planning. Programming of packaged software constitutes one of the most rapidly growing segments of the computer services industry.
In some organizations, particularly small ones, workers commonly known as programmer analysts are responsible for both the systems analysis and the actual programming work. The transition from a mainframe environment to one that is based primarily on personal computers (PCs) has blurred the once rigid distinction between the programmer and the user. Increasingly, adept end users are taking over many of the tasks previously performed by programmers. For example, the growing use of packaged software, such as spreadsheet and database management software packages, allows users to write simple programs to access data and perform calculations.
In addition, the rise of the Internet has made Web development a huge part of the programming field. More and more software applications nowadays are Web applications that can be used by anyone with a Web browser. Examples of such applications include the Google search service, the Hotmail e-mail service, and the Flickr photo-sharing service.
[edit] Tags:Computer And Video Games,Desktop Publishing,Web Development,Web Applications,Web Browser,Google,Hotmail,Flickr,Read, | |
| Globalization | |
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The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2010)
[edit] Tags:Worldwide View,Talk Page,Article,Talk, | |
| Market changes in the UK | |
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According to BBC, 17% of computer science students could not find work in their field 6 months after graduation in 2009 which was the highest rate of the university majors surveyed while 0% of medical students were unemployed in the same survey.[10] The UK category system does, however, class such degrees as Information technology and Game design as 'computer science', somewhat inflating the actual figure.[11]
[edit] Tags:Game Design,Bbc, | |
| Market changes in the USA | |
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Computer programming, offshore outsourcing, and Foreign Worker Visas became a controversial topic after the crash of the dot com bubble left many programmers without work or with lower wages. Programming was even mentioned in the 2004 U.S. Presidential debate on the topic of offshore outsourcing.[citation needed]
Large companies claim there is a skills shortage with regard to programming talent. However, U.S. programmers and unions counter that large companies are exaggerating their case in order to obtain cheaper programmers from developing countries and to avoid paying for training in very specific technologies.[citation needed]
Enrollment in computer-related degrees in U.S. has dropped recently due to lack of general interests in science and mathematics and also out of an apparent fear that programming will be subject to the same pressures as manufacturing and agriculture careers.[citation needed] This situation has resulted in confusion about whether the U.S. economy is entering a "post-information age" and the nature of U.S. comparative advantages. Technology and software jobs were supposed to be the replacement for factory and agriculture jobs lost to cheaper foreign labor, but if those are subject to free trade losses, then the nature of the next generation of replacement careers is not clear at this point.[citation needed]
[edit] Tags:Computer Programming,Offshore Outsourcing,Foreign Worker Visas,Dot Com Bubble,Skills Shortage,Comparative Advantages, | |
| See also | |
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Computer programming portal
Ada Lovelace - Ada Lovelace Byron's notes on the analytical engine, containing the first algorithm developed by a human being, often cause her to be called "the first computer programmer", even though modern computers would not be developed until roughly a hundred years later, after the invention of first vacuum tubes, then transistors.
Code monkey
Development speed
Game programmer
Labor shortage
List of programmers
List of Russian programmers
Real Programmer
Script kiddie
Software development process
Software engineering
Video game developer
Women in computing
[edit] Tags:Software Engineer,Software Engineering,Ada Lovelace,Algorithm,Analytical Engine,Computer Programming Portal,Vacuum Tubes,Transistors,Code Monkey,Development Speed,Game Programmer,Labor Shortage,List Of Programmers,List Of Russian Programmers,Real Programmer,Script Kiddie,Software Development Process,Video Game Developer,Women In Computing, | |
| References | |
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^ "No Programmers". http://www.ericsink.com/No_Programmers.html.
^ "Developer versus programmer". http://codebetter.com/blogs/raymond.lewallen/archive/2005/02/22/55812.aspx.
^ "Developers AND Programmers". http://weblogs.asp.net/miked/archive/2006/10/13/_2200_Developers_2200_-and-_2200_Programmers_2200_.aspx.
^ "Programmer vs. Developer vs. Software Engineer". http://discuss.joelonsoftware.com/default.asp?joel.3.112837.37.
^ "Programmer vs. Developer vs. Software Engineer". http://www.xtremevbtalk.com/archive/index.php/t-233780.html.
^ J. Fuegi and J. Francis, "Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 'notes'." Annals of the History of Computing 25 #4 (October–December 2003): 19, 25. Digital Object Identifier
^ "ENIAC Programmers Project". Eniacprogrammers.org. http://eniacprogrammers.org/. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
^ "ABC News: First Computer Programmers Inspire Documentary". Abcnews.go.com. 2007-12-04. http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=3951187&page=1. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
^ "International Programmers' Day". http://www.internationalprogrammersday.org.
^ "'One in 10' UK graduates unemployed" from the BBC
^ [1] ATAS classifications (University of Plymouth)
[edit] Tags:Eniac,Programmers' Day, | |
| Further reading | |
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Weinberg, Gerald M., The Psychology of Computer Programming, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1971
An experiential study of the nature of programming work: Lucas, Rob. "Dreaming in Code" New Left Review 62, March-April 2010, pp. 125-132.
[edit] Tags: | |
| External links | |
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Look up programmer or coder in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
"The Future of IT Jobs in America" article
How to be a programmer - An overview of the challenges of being a programmer
The US Department of Labor's description of "Computer Programmer" and "Computer Software Engineer" and statistics for employed "Computer Programmers"
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Programmer&oldid=471623574"
Categories: Computer programmersComputer occupationsHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from March 2011All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrasesArticles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2011Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2010USA-centricArticles with unsourced statements from June 2011Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011
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