Classical Arabic Photos:

Classical Arabic
Photo:1
Classical Arabic
Photo:2
Classical Arabic
Photo:3
Classical Arabic
Photo:4


Classical Arabic Basic Informations:

History
2> Classical Arabic has its origins in the central and northern parts of the Arabian Peninsula, and is distinct from Old South Arabian languages that were spoken in the southern parts of the peninsula, modern day Yemen.[5] Classical Arabic is the only surviving descendant of the Old North Arabian languages. The oldest inscription so far discovered in Classical Arabic goes back to 328 AD and is known as the Namārah inscription, written in the Nabataean alphabet and named after the place where it was found in southern Syria in April 1901.[6] With the spread of Islam, Classical Arabic became a prominent language of scholarship and religious devotion as the language of the Qur'an (at times even spreading faster than the religion).[3] Its relation to modern dialects is somewhat analogous to the relationship of Latin and the Romance languages or Middle Chinese and the modern Chinese languages. [edit]

Tags:Islam,Arabic,Qur'an,Arabian Peninsula,Old South Arabian,Yemen,Old North Arabian,Nabataean Alphabet,Syria,Modern Dialects,Latin,Romance Languages,Middle Chinese,Chinese Languages,K,H,Dialects,
Morphology
2> Classical Arabic is one of the Semitic languages, and therefore has many similarities in conjugation and pronunciation to Hebrew, Akkadian, Aramaic, and Amharic. Its use of vowels to modify a base group of consonants resembles similar constructions in Biblical Hebrew. For example: kataba, he wrote yaktubu, he writes maktūbun, written (words) kitābun, book kutubun, books (broken plural) kitābatun, writing kitābātun, writings (feminine sound plural) maktabun, desk maktabatun, library kātibun, writer kātibūna, writers (masculine sound plural) kuttābun, writers (broken plural) miktābun, writing machine These words all have some relationship with writing, and all of them contain the three consonants KTB. This group of consonants k-t-b is called a "root." Grammarians assume that this root carries a basic meaning of writing, which encompasses all objects or actions involving writing, and so, therefore, all the above words are regarded as modified forms of this root, and are "obtained" or "derived" in some way from it. [edit]

Tags:Semitic,Semitic Languages,Hebrew,Akkadian,Aramaic,Amharic,Vowels,J,
Grammar
2> Arab world This article is part of the series: Arab culture Religion Arab Muslims Arab Christians Arab Jews/Mizrahi Jews Art Calligraphy Naskh Diwani Ruq'ah Thuluth Hijazi Muhaqqaq Maghribi Kufic Mashq Jawi Nastaʿlīq Pseudo-Kufic Pegon Architecture Moorish Fatimid Ayyubid Somali Mamluk Styles Mashrabiya Muqarnas Arabesque Windcatcher Gardens Features Minaret Maqsurah Mihrab Sahen Dikka Iwan Domes Sabil Mosaic Ribat Textiles Khayameia Arabic Rugs Prayer rug Black Stone Literature Classical Epic stories Saj (ryhmed prose) Tafsir (commentary) Arabian Nights The Book of the Apple Sindbad Bayad and Riyad Music Book Book of Examples Book of Animals Maqamat Al-Hamadhani Nashiri Poetry Arūḍ Kharja Zajal Noha Wasf Hamasah Mu'allaqat Mufaddaliyat Basit Ghazal Ghinnawa Modern Arabic Poetry Bohoor Al-Shi'r Music Arabic Maqam Arab tone system Andalusi nubah Qasidah Muwashshah Taqsim Sama'i Dulab Liwa Maqam al-iraqi Bashraf Tahmilah Sawt Malhun Fijiri Beledi Iqa' Dawr Zaffa Taqtuqa Wazn Waslah Cuisine Khalij (Persian Gulf) Mashriq (Levant) Arab Mawsit (Egypt) Arab Maghrib (North Africa) Somali cuisine Politics Arab League Arab Union Arab Maghreb Union GCC Arab World Pan-Arabism Pan-Somalism Israel Jews Arab Unity Human rights Arab socialism Nasserism Ba'athism Jamahiriya Arab nationalism Arab Diaspora Palestinian Diaspora Afro-Arab USA Argentina Australia Brazil UK Bulgaria Haiti Venezuela Colombia France Mexico Pakistan Netherlands Singapore Turkey Geography Regions Maghrib Mashriq Nile Valley Gulf states Bilad Al-Berber Bab-el-Mandeb' Deserts Sahara Algerian Desert Libyan Desert Nubian Desert White Desert Bayuda Desert Arabian Desert Rub' al Khali Syrian Desert An Nafud Negev Ad-Dahna Desert Arabic language Pre-Islamic Arabic Ancient North Arabian Ancient South Arabian Nabataean language Classical Arabic Modern Arabic Maghrebi (Western) Mawsiti (Central) Mashriq (Eastern) Khaliji (Southern) Dress Headwear Keffiyeh Agal Taqiyah Tarboush Turban Bisht Clothing Thawb Jellabiya Abaya Sirwal Turban Kaftan Tantour Takchita Jilbāb Macawis v d e Main article: Arabic grammar Grammar in Arabic (قواعد‎, meaning "rules"), underwent development in the late 700s.[7][8] The earliest known Arabic grammarian is ʻAbd Allāh ibn Abī Isḥāq. The efforts of three proceeding generations of grammarians culminated in the book of the Persian scholar Sibawayhi. Recent efforts aim to annotate the entire Arabic Grammar of the Quran, using traditional syntax: [edit]

Tags:Arabic Language,Arab World,Syntax,Arab Culture,Arab Muslims,Arab Christians,Arab Jews,Mizrahi Jews,Calligraphy,Naskh,Diwani,Ruq'ah,Thuluth,Hijazi,Muhaqqaq,Maghribi,Kufic,Mashq,Jawi,Nastaʿlīq,Pseudo-kufic,Pegon,Architecture,Ayyubid,Somali,Styles,Mashrabiya,Muqarnas,Arabesque,Windcatcher,Gardens,Features,Minaret,Maqsurah,Mihrab,Sahen,Dikka,Iwan,Domes,Sabil,Ribat,Textiles,Khayameia,Arabic Rugs,Prayer Rug,Black Stone,Epic Stories,Saj (ryhmed Prose),Tafsir (commentary),Arabian Nights,The Book Of The Apple,Sindbad,Bayad And Riyad,Music Book,Book Of Examples,Book Of Animals,Maqamat Al-hamadhani,Nashiri,Arūḍ,Kharja,Zajal,Noha,Wasf,Hamasah,Mu'allaqat,Mufaddaliyat,Basit,Ghazal,Ghinnawa,Modern Arabic Poetry,Bohoor Al-shi'r,Arabic Maqam,Arab Tone System,Andalusi Nubah,Qasidah,Muwashshah,Taqsim,Sama'i,Dulab,Liwa,Maqam Al-iraqi,Bashraf,Tahmilah,Sawt,Malhun,Fijiri,Beledi,Iqa',Dawr,Zaffa,Taqtuqa,Wazn,Waslah,Khalij (persian Gulf),Mashriq (levant),Arab Mawsit (egypt),Arab Maghrib (north Africa),Somali Cuisine,Arab League,
Phonology
2> See also: Arabic phonology Classical Arabic had three pairs of long and short vowels: /a/, /i/, and /u/. The following table illustrates this: Vowels Short Long High /i/ /u/ /iː/ /uː/ Low /a/ /aː/ Like Modern Standard Arabic, Classical Arabic had 28 consonant phonemes: Classical Arabic consonant phonemes[9]   Bilabial Inter- dental Dental Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn- geal Glottal  plain  emphatic Nasal m   n             Plosive voiceless     t tˠ   k qˠ   ʔ voiced b   d   ɟ 2         Fricative voiceless f θ s 1 sˠ ɕ   χˠ ħ h voiced   ð z ðˠ     ʁˠ ʕ   Lateral     lˠ 3 ɮˠ         Tap     ɾˠ 4             Approximant         j w       Non-emphatic /s/ may have actually been [ʃ],[10] shifting forward in the mouth before or simultaneously with the fronting of the palatals (see below). As it derives from proto-semitic *g, /ɟ/ may have been a palatalized velar: /ɡʲ/ /l/ is emphatic ([lˤ]) only in /ʔalˤːɑːh/, the name of God, i.e. Allah,[11] except after i or ī when it is unemphatic: bismi l-lāhi /bismillaːhi/ ('in the name of God'). /ɾˠ/ (velarised [ɾ]) before "i" is pronounced without velarization. The consonants traditionally termed "emphatic" /tˤ, ɮˤ, sˤ, ðˤ/ were either velarised [tˠ, ɬˠ, sˠ, ðˠ] or pharyngealised [tˤ, ɮˤ, sˤ, ðˤ].[12] In some transcription systems, emphasis is shown by capitalizing the letter, for example, /sˤ/ is written ⟨S⟩; in others the letter is underlined or has a dot below it, for example, ⟨ṣ⟩. The consonants /[ɾˠ, qˠ, ʁˠ, χˠ] are pronounced with velarization. There are a number of phonetic changes between Classical Arabic and modern Arabic dialects. These include:[13] The palatals /ç/ /ɟ/ (⟨ش‎⟩‎ ⟨ج⟩‎) shifted. /ç/ became postalveolar /ʃ/, and /ɟ/ became postalveolar /dʒ/ or /ʒ/ or velar {{[ɡ]}}. The uvular fricatives /χˠ/ /ʁˠ/ (⟨خ⟩‎ ⟨غ⟩‎) became velar or post-velar: /x/ /ɣ/ /ɮˤ/ (⟨ض‎⟩‎) became /dˤ/ (Certain Tajweed traditions actually preserve the original value of this sound synchronically.) See also Voiced alveolar lateral fricative See Arabic alphabet for further details of the IPA representations of contemporary Arabic sounds. The language of Classical Arabic is essentially that of the so-called poetic koine of the pre-Islamic poets, a standardized prestige dialect based on conservative Bedouin dialects of the eastern Arabian peninsula. A similar but slightly different koine had been adopted in Mecca, in a form adapted somewhat to the phonology of the spoken Meccan dialect of the time, and it was in this form that the Koran was given. The Koran was later rephonemicized into the standard poetic koine. Two of the differences between these dialects are represented in the modern Arabic writing system: The original poetic koine had preserved the Proto-Semitic glottal stop in all positions, whereas the Meccan variant had eliminated it everywhere except initially, following the spoken Meccan dialect. (Similar changes occur in all the modern varieties of Arabic.) Depending on the surrounding vowels, the glottal stop was either deleted entirely, converted to /w/ or /j/, or deleted after lengthening a preceding short vowel. The Koran as originally written down represented these changes; since the document was considered sacred, the letters were not changed. Instead, the letter representing the "incorrect" /w/, /j/ or long vowel that ought to be pronounced as a glottal stop had a diacritic (termed hamza) written over it to cancel out its inherent sound; if no such letter existed, the hamza was written between the existing letters. This is the origin of the complex rules regarding the writing of the glottal stop. In the dialects underlying the poetic koine, original word-final /aja, aji, aju/ had developed into /aː/, merging with final /aː/ from other sources. In the spoken Meccan dialect, however, these word-final sequences did not merge in this way, instead remaining as a separate vowel, perhaps pronounced /eː/. Correspondingly, the Meccan koine variant split the standard koine's final /aː/ in two, in ways that corresponded with the spoken dialect. In writing the Meccan variant, final /aː/ was written with the letter alif, while final /eː/ was written with the letter yāʾ, normally used for /j/. When rephonemicized into the standard poetic koine, the occurrences of yāʾ meant to be pronounced as /j/ or /aː/. Only recently, two dots was created to be written under the final yāʾ in order to distinguish it from the pronunciation of /aː/. This invention was not adopted by all Arabic speaking nations, as for example, Egypt and Sudan never add two dots under the final yāʾ in handwriting and print, even in printed Koran. Yāʾ for /aː/ was named alif maqṣūrah "broken alif" or alif layyinah "flexible alif". This is why, final /aː/ can be written either with a normal alif or alif maqṣūrah. [edit]

Tags:Ipa,Modern Standard Arabic,Sacred,
Special symbols
2> A variety of special symbols exist in the Classical Arabic of the Qur'an that are usually absent in most written forms of Arabic. Many of these serve as aids for readers attempting to accurately pronounce the Classical Arabic found in the Qur'an. They may also indicate prostrations (Sujud), surahs (Ayah), or the ends of chapters (Rub al Hizb). Qur'anic annotation signs in Unicode Code Glyph Name 06D6 ۖ ‎ SMALL HIGH LIGATURE SAD WITH LAM WITH ALIF MAKSURA 06D7 ۗ ‎ SMALL HIGH LIGATURE QAF WITH LAM WITH ALIF MAKSURA 06D8 ۘ ‎ SMALL HIGH MEEM INITIAL FORM 06D9 ۙ ‎ SMALL HIGH LAM ALIF 06DA ۚ ‎ SMALL HIGH JEEM 06DB ۛ ‎ SMALL HIGH THREE DOTS 06DC ۜ ‎ SMALL HIGH SEEN 06DD ۝ ‎ END OF AYAH 06DE ۞ ‎ START OF RUB AL HIZB 06DF ۟ ‎ SMALL HIGH ROUNDED ZERO 06E0 ۠ ‎ SMALL HIGH UPRIGHT RECTANGULAR ZERO 06E1 ۡ ‎ SMALL HIGH DOTLESS HEAD OF KHAH = Arabic jazm • used in some Qur'ans to mark absence of a vowel 06E2 ۢ ‎ SMALL HIGH MEEM ISOLATED FORM 06E3 ۣ ‎ SMALL LOW SEEN 06E4 ۤ ‎ SMALL HIGH MADDA 06E5 ۥ ‎ SMALL WAW 06E6 ۦ ‎ SMALL YAA 06E7 ۧ ‎ ARABIC SMALL HIGH YAA 06E8 ۨ ‎ SMALL HIGH NOON 06E9 ۩ ‎ PLACE OF SAJDAH 06EA ۪ ‎ EMPTY CENTRE LOW STOP 06EB ۫ ‎ EMPTY CENTRE HIGH STOP 06EC ۬ ‎ ROUNDED HIGH STOP WITH FILLED CENTRE 06ED ۭ ‎ SMALL LOW MEEM From: Unicode Standard – Arabic [edit]

Tags:Unicode,Qur'anic,
Notes
2> ^ (Bin-Muqbil 2006, p. 14) ^ (Bin-Muqbil 2006, p. 15) ^ a b (Watson 2002, p. 8) ^ "Arabic Language," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. "Classical Arabic, which has many archaic words, is the sacred language of Islam...". Archived 2009-10-31. ^ "The Collapse of the Marib Dam and the Origin of the Arabs". Arabia Felix. March 30, 2005. Archived from the original on February 9, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080209193302/http://www.arabia-felix.com/printer_20.html.  ^ James A. Bellamy (1985). "A New Reading of the Namārah Inscription". Journal of the American Oriental Society (American Oriental Society) 105 (1): 31–51. doi:10.2307/601538. JSTOR 601538.  ^ Goodchild, Philip. Difference in Philosophy of Religion, 2003. Page 153. ^ Sayce, Archibald Henry. Introduction to the Science of Language, 1880. Page 28. ^ (Watson 2002, p. 13) ^ (Watson 2002, p. 15) ^ (Watson 2002, p. 16) ^ (Watson 2002, p. 2) ^ (Watson 2002, pp. 15–17) [edit]

Tags:
See also
2> Arabic language Modern Standard Arabic Ancient North Arabian Quranic Arabic Corpus Arabic–English Lexicon [edit]

Tags:
References
2> Bin-Muqbil, Musaed (2006). Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Arabic Emphatics and Gutturals. University of Wisconsin–Madison  Holes, Clive (2004) Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties Georgetown University Press. ISBN 1-58901-022-1 Versteegh, Kees (2001) The Arabic Language Edinburgh University Press ISBN 0-7486-1436-2 (Ch.5 available in link below) Watson, Janet (2002). The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic. New York: Oxford University Press  Bin Radhan, Neil. Die Wissenschaft des Tadschwīd.  [edit]

Tags:Morphology,
External links
2> Look up Classical Arabic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Look up Modern Standard Arabic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Look up Fus-ha in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Institute of the Language of the Quran LearnArabicOnline – an authoritative, online project for Classical Arabic (CA) The Development of Classical Arabic The Arabic Alphabet Arabic Grammar Checking Arabic Intelligent tutoring system Classical Arabic Morphology Classical Arabic Grammar Classical Arabic Blog Arabic grammar online Online Classical Arabic Reader Classical Arabic Grammar Documentation – Visualization of Classical Quranic Grammar (i'3raab) Die Wissenschaft des Tadschwīd EssentialIlm – Free Video Lessons on Arabic   Links to related articles v d e Arabic · العربية Overviews Language · Alphabet · History · Romanization · Numerology · Influence on other languages Alphabet Arabic numerals · Eastern numerals · Diacritics · Hamza ·

Tags:

zote monety
click here click here click here click here