Chinese language Photos:

Chinese language
Photo:1
Chinese language
Photo:2
Chinese language
Photo:3
Chinese language
Photo:4


Chinese language Basic Informations:

History
2> History of China ANCIENT 3 Sovereigns and 5 Emperors Xia Dynasty 2100–1600 BCE Shang Dynasty 1600–1046 BCE Zhou Dynasty 1045–256 BCE  Western Zhou  Eastern Zhou    Spring and Autumn Period    Warring States Period IMPERIAL Qin Dynasty 221 BCE–206 BCE Han Dynasty 206 BCE–220 CE   Western Han   Xin Dynasty   Eastern Han Three Kingdoms 220–280   Wei, Shu and Wu Jin Dynasty 265–420   Western Jin 16 Kingdoms 304–439   Eastern Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties 420–589 Sui Dynasty 581–618 Tang Dynasty 618–907   (Second Zhou 690–705) 5 Dynasties and 10 Kingdoms 907–960 Liao Dynasty 907–1125 Song Dynasty 960–1279   Northern Song W. Xia   Southern Song Jin Yuan Dynasty 1271–1368 Ming Dynasty 1368–1644 Qing Dynasty 1644–1911 MODERN Republic of China 1912–1949 People's Republic of China 1949–present Republic of China (Taiwan) 1949–present Related articles  Chinese historiography Timeline of Chinese history Dynasties in Chinese history Linguistic history Art history Economic history Education history Science and technology history Legal history Media history Military history Naval history This box: view talk edit Main article: History of the Chinese language Most linguists classify all varieties of modern spoken Chinese as part of the Sino-Tibetan language family and believe that there was an original language, termed Proto-Sino-Tibetan, from which the Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman languages descended. The relation between Chinese and other Sino-Tibetan languages is an area of active research, as is the attempt to reconstruct Proto-Sino-Tibetan. The main difficulty in this effort is that, while there is enough documentation to allow one to reconstruct the ancient Chinese sounds, there is no written documentation that records the division between Proto-Sino-Tibetan and ancient Chinese. In addition, many of the older languages that would allow us to reconstruct Proto-Sino-Tibetan are very poorly understood and many of the techniques developed for analysis of the descent of the (fusional) Indo-European languages from PIE do not apply to Chinese, an isolating language because of "morphological paucity" especially after Old Chinese.[5] Categorization of the development of Chinese is a subject of scholarly debate. One of the first systems was devised by the Swedish linguist Bernhard Karlgren in the early 1900s; most present systems rely heavily on Karlgren's insights and methods. Old Chinese, sometimes known as "Archaic Chinese", was the language common during the early and middle Zhou Dynasty (1122 BCE–256 BCE), texts of which include inscriptions on bronze artifacts, the poetry of the Shījīng, the history of the Shūjīng, and portions of the Yìjīng (I Ching). The phonetic elements found in the majority of Chinese characters provide hints to their Old Chinese pronunciations. The pronunciation of the borrowed Chinese characters in Japanese, Vietnamese and Korean also provide valuable insights. Old Chinese was not wholly uninflected. It possessed a rich sound system in which aspiration or rough breathing differentiated the consonants, but probably was still without tones. Work on reconstructing Old Chinese started with Qīng dynasty philologists. Some early Indo-European loan-words in Chinese have been proposed, notably 蜜 mì "honey", 獅 shī "lion," and perhaps also 馬 mǎ "horse", 豬 zhū "pig", 犬 quǎn "dog", and 鵝 é "goose". The source says the reconstructions of old Chinese are tentative, and not definitive so no conclusions should be drawn. The reconstruction of Old Chinese can not be perfect so this hypothesis may be called into question.[6] The source also notes that southern dialects of Chinese have more monosyllabic words than the Mandarin Chinese dialects. Middle Chinese was the language used during Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Suí, Táng, and Sòng dynasties (6th through 10th centuries CE). It can be divided into an early period, reflected by the "Qiēyùn" rime book (601 CE), and a late period in the 10th century, reflected by the "Guǎngyùn" rime book. Linguists are more confident of having reconstructed how Middle Chinese sounded. The evidence for the pronunciation of Middle Chinese comes from several sources: modern dialect variations, rhyming dictionaries, foreign transliterations, "rhyming tables" constructed by ancient Chinese philologists to summarize the phonetic system, and Chinese phonetic translations of foreign words. However, all reconstructions are tentative; some scholars have argued that trying to reconstruct, say, modern Cantonese from modern Cantopop rhymes would give a fairly inaccurate picture of the present-day spoken language. The development of the spoken Chinese languages from early historical times to the present has been complex. Most Chinese people, in Sìchuān and in a broad arc from the north-east (Manchuria) to the south-west (Yunnan), use various Mandarin dialects as their home language. The prevalence of Mandarin throughout northern China is largely due to north China's plains. By contrast, the mountains and rivers of middle and southern China promoted linguistic diversity. Until the mid-20th century, most southern Chinese only spoke their native local variety of Chinese. As Nanjing was the capital during the early Ming Dynasty, Nanjing Mandarin became dominant at least until the later years of the Qing Dynasty. Since the 17th century, the Qing Dynasty had set up orthoepy academies (正音书院／正音書院; Zhèngyīn Shūyuàn) to make pronunciation conform to the standard of the capital Beijing. For the general population, however, this had limited effect. The non-Mandarin speakers in southern China also continued to use their various languages for every aspect of life. The Beijing Mandarin court standard was used solely by officials and civil servants and was thus fairly limited. This situation did not change until the mid-20th century with the creation (in both the PRC and the ROC, but not in Hong Kong) of a compulsory educational system committed to teaching Mandarin. As a result, Mandarin is now spoken by virtually all young and middle-aged citizens of mainland China and on Taiwan. Cantonese, not Mandarin, was used in Hong Kong during the time of its British colonial period (owing to its large Cantonese native and migrant populace) and remains today its official language of education, formal speech, and daily life, but Mandarin is becoming increasingly influential after the 1997 handover. Classical Chinese was once the lingua franca in neighbouring East Asian countries such as Japan, Korea and Vietnam for centuries, before the rise of European influences in the 19th century.[7] In Korea and Vietnam official documents were written in Chinese until the colonial period. [edit]

Tags:Republic Of China,Vietnam,Han,Language Family,Sino-tibetan,Sinitic,Mandarin,Jin,Wu,Chinese Characters,Classical Chinese,Min,Taiwan,Language,Varieties,China,Dialects,Mandarin Chinese,Cantonese,Hong Kong,Wei,Shu,Chinese Historiography,Timeline Of Chinese History,Dynasties In Chinese History,Linguistic History,Art History,Economic History,Education History,Science And Technology History,Legal History,Media History,Military History,Proto-sino-tibetan,Fusional,Pie,Isolating Language,Morphological,Swedish,Bernhard Karlgren,Old Chinese,Zhou Dynasty,Shījīng,Shūjīng,Yìjīng,Aspiration,Qīng Dynasty,Philologists,Indo-european,蜜,獅,馬,豬,犬,鵝,Middle Chinese,Southern And Northern Dynasties,Suí,Táng,Sòng,Qiēyùn,Rime Book,Guǎngyùn,
Influences
2> Throughout history Chinese culture and politics has had a great influence on unrelated East Asian languages such as Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese. Korean and Japanese both have writing systems employing Chinese characters (hanzi), which are called Hanja and Kanji, respectively. The Vietnamese term for Chinese writing is Hán tự. It was the only available method for writing Vietnamese until the 14th century, used almost exclusively by Chinese-educated Vietnamese élites. From the 14th to the late 19th century, Vietnamese was written with Chữ nôm, a modified Chinese script incorporating sounds and syllables for native Vietnamese speakers. Chữ nôm was completely replaced by a modified Latin script created by the Jesuit missionary priest Alexander de Rhodes, which incorporates a system of diacritical marks to indicate tones, as well as modified consonants. Approximately 60% of the modern Vietnamese lexicon is recognized as Hán-Việt (Sino-Vietnamese), the majority of which was borrowed from Middle Chinese. In South Korea, the Hangul alphabet is generally used, but Hanja is used as a sort of boldface. In North Korea, Hanja has been discontinued. Since the modernization of Japan in the late 19th century, there has been debate about abandoning the use of Chinese characters, but the practical benefits of a radically new script have so far not been considered sufficient. Derived Chinese characters or Sawndip are used to write Zhuang songs, even though Zhuang is not a Chinese dialect. Since the 1950s, the Zhuang language has been written in a modified Latin alphabet.[8] Languages within the influence of Chinese culture also have a very large number of loanwords from Chinese. Fifty percent or more of Korean vocabulary is of Chinese origin,[9] likewise for a significant percentage of Japanese[10] and Vietnamese vocabulary. Loan words from Chinese also exist in European languages such as English. Examples of such words are "tea" from the Minnan pronunciation of 茶 (POJ: tê), "ketchup" from the Cantonese pronunciation of 茄汁 (Jyutping: ke2 zap1) and "kumquat" from the Cantonese pronunciation of (Jyutping: gam1 gwat1). The term sinophone, coined in 2005 in analogy to anglophone and francophone, refers to those who speak at least one Chinese language natively, or prefer it as a medium of communication. The term is derived from Sinae, the Latin word for ancient China.[11] [edit]

Tags:Hanzi,Writing System,English,
Varieties of Chinese
2> Main article: Varieties of Chinese A map below depicts the linguistic subdivisions ("languages" or "dialect groups") within China itself. The traditionally recognized seven main groups, in order of population size are[citation needed]: Name Abbreviation Pinyin Local Romanization Simp. Trad. Total Speakers Mandarin Notes: includes Standard Chinese Guan; 官 Guānhuà Pinyin: Guānhuà 官话 官話 c. 1.365 billion Běifānghuà Pinyin: Běifānghuà 北方话 北方話 Wu Notes: includes Shanghainese Wu; 吴/吳 Wúyǔ Long-short: Ng Nyiu or Ghu Nyiu 吴语 吳語 c. 90 million Yue Notes: includes Cantonese & Taishanese Yue; 粤/粵 Yuèyǔ Yale: Yuht Yúh Jyutping: Jyut6 Jyu5 粤语 粵語 c. 70 million Min Notes: includes Hokkien, Taiwanese & Teochew Min; 闽/閩 Mǐnyǔ POJ: Bân Gú; BUC: Mìng Ngṳ̄ 闽语 閩語 c. 50 million Xiang Xiang; 湘 Xiāngyǔ Romanization: Shiāen'ỳ 湘语 湘語 c. 35 million Hakka Kejia; 客家 Kèjiāhuà Hakka Pinyin: Hak-kâ-fa or Hak-kâ-va 客家话 客家話 c. 35 million Kèhuà Hakka Pinyin: Hak-fa or Hak-va 客话 客話 Gan Gan; 贛 Gànyǔ Romanization: Gon Ua 赣语 贛語 c. 31 million Disputed classifications by some Chinese linguists[by whom?]: Name Abbreviation Pinyin Local Romanization Simp. Trad. Total Speakers Jin Notes: from Mandarin Jin; 晋/晉 Jìnyǔ None 晋语 晉語 45 million Huizhou Notes: from Wu Hui; 徽 Huīhuà None 徽话 徽話 ~3.2 million Huīzhōuhuà 徽州话 徽州話 Pinghua Notes: from Yue Ping; 平 Pínghuà None 平话 平話 ~5 million Guǎngxī Pínghuà 广西平话 廣西平話 There are groups that are not yet classified, such as: Danzhou dialect (儋州话/儋州話), spoken in Danzhou, on Hainan Island; Xianghua (乡话/鄉話), not to be confused with Xiang (湘), spoken in western Hunan; and Shaozhou Tuhua (韶州土话/韶州土話), spoken in northern Guangdong. The Dungan language, spoken in Central Asia, is very closely related to Mandarin. However, it is politically not generally considered "Chinese" since it is written in Cyrillic and spoken by Dungan people outside China who are not considered ethnic Chinese. In general, the above language-dialect groups do not have sharp boundaries,

Tags:Pinyin,Huizhou,Hakka,Yue,Pinghua,Teochew,Hokkien,Billion,Varieties Of Chinese,Xiang,Standard Chinese,Taiwanese,Shanghainese,

zote monety