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| Etymology | |
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Main article: Names of China
China
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese:
中国
Traditional Chinese:
中國
Literal meaning:
Middle Kingdom[24][25]
Transliterations
Gan
- Romanization:
Tung-koe̍t
Kejia
- Romanization:
Dung24 Gued2
Mandarin
- Hanyu Pinyin:
Zhōngguó
- Wade-Giles:
Chung-kuo
- Bopomofo
ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ
Min
- Hokkien POJ:
Tiong-kok
- Min Dong BUC:
Dṳ̆ng-guók
Wu
- Romanization:
Tson平 koh入
Yue
- Jyutping:
Zung1 gwok3
- Yale Romanization:
Jūnggwok
People's Republic of China
Alternative Chinese name
Simplified Chinese:
中华人民共和国
Traditional Chinese:
中華人民共和國
Transliterations
Gan
- Romanization:
Chungfa Ninmin Khungfokoet
Hakka
- Romanization:
Dung24 fa11 ngin11 min11 kiung55 fo11 gued2
Mandarin
- Hanyu Pinyin:
Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó
Min
- Hokkien POJ:
Tiong-hôa jîn-bîn kiōng-hô-kok
- Min Dong BUC:
Dṳ̆ng-huà Ìng-mìng Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók
Wu
- Romanization:
Tson平 gho平 zin平 min平 gon去 ghu平 koh入
Yue
- Jyutping:
Zung1 waa4 jan4 man4 gung6 wo4 gwok3
- Yale Romanization:
Jūngwàh Yàhnmàhn Guhngwòhgwok
Mongolian name
Mongolian:
Tibetan name
Tibetan:
ཀྲུང་ཧྭ་མི་དམངས་སྤྱི
མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ
Transliterations
- Wylie:
krung hwa mi dmangs spyi mthun rgyal khab
- Zangwen Pinyin:
Zhunghua Mimang Jitun Gyalkab
Uyghur name
Uyghur:
جۇڭخۇا خەلق جۇمھۇرىيىت
Zhuang name
Zhuang:
Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz
This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
The word "China" is derived from Cin (چین), a Persian name for China popularized in Europe by the account of the 13th-century explorer Marco Polo.[26][27] The first recorded use in English dates from 1555.[28] The Persian word is, in turn, derived from the Sanskrit word Cīna (चीन),[29] which was used as a name for China as early as AD 150.[30] There are various scholarly theories regarding the origin of this word. The traditional theory, proposed in the 17th century by Martino Martini, is that "China" is derived from "Qin" (秦), the westernmost of the Chinese kingdoms during the Zhou Dynasty, or from the succeeding Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC).[31] The word Cīna is used in two Hindu scriptures – the Mahābhārata of the 5th century BC[32] and the Laws of Manu of the 2nd century BC – to refer to a country located in the Tibetan-Burman borderlands east of India.[33]
In China, common names for the country include Zhōngguó (Chinese: 中国; literally "Middle Kingdom") and Zhōnghuá (Chinese: 中华), although the country's official name has been changed numerous times by successive dynasties and modern governments. The term Zhongguo appeared in various ancient texts, such as the Classic of History of the 6th century BC,[34] and in pre-imperial times it was often used as a cultural concept to distinguish the Huaxia from the barbarians. Sometimes Zhongguo, which can be either singular or plural, referring to the group of states in the central plain. The Chinese were not unique in regarding their country as "central", since other civilizations had the same view.[35]
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| Prehistory | |
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Archaeological evidence suggests that early hominids inhabited China between 250,000 and 2.24 million years ago.[36] A cave in Zhoukoudian (near present-day Beijing) exhibits fossils dated at between 300,000 and 780,000 BC.[37][38][39] The fossils are of Peking Man, an example of Homo erectus who used fire.
The earliest evidence of a fully modern human in China comes from Liujiang County, Guangxi, where a cranium has been found and dated at approximately 67,000 years old. Controversy persists over the dating of the Liujiang remains (a partial skeleton from Minatogawa in Okinawa).[40][41]
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| Early dynastic rule | |
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See also: Dynasties in Chinese history
Jade deer ornament dating from the Shang Dynasty, 17th–11th century BC.
Chinese tradition names the first dynasty Xia, but it was considered mythical until scientific excavations found early Bronze Age sites at Erlitou in Henan Province in 1959.[42] Archaeologists have since uncovered urban sites, bronze implements, and tombs in locations cited as Xia's in ancient historical texts, but it is impossible to verify that these remains are of the Xia without written records from the period.
Some of the thousands of life-size Terracotta Warriors of the Qin Dynasty, ca. 210 BC.
The first Chinese dynasty that left historical records, the loosely feudal Shang (Yin), settled along the Yellow River in eastern China from the 17th to the 11th century BC. The oracle bone script of the Shang Dynasty represent the oldest forms of Chinese writing found and the direct ancestor of modern Chinese characters used throughout East Asia. The Shang were invaded from the west by the Zhou, who ruled from the 12th to the 5th century BC, until their centralized authority was slowly eroded by feudal warlords. Many independent states eventually emerged out of the weakened Zhou state, and continually waged war with each other in the Spring and Autumn Period, only occasionally deferring to the Zhou king. By the time of the Warring States Period, there were seven powerful sovereign states, each with its own king, ministry and army.
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