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| History | |
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Main article: History of Brisbane
Prior to European settlement, the Brisbane area was inhabited by the Turrbal and Jagera people.[8] They knew the area that is now the central business district as Mian-jin, meaning "place shaped as a spike".[9] The Moreton Bay area was initially explored by Matthew Flinders. On 17 July 1799, Flinders landed at what is now known as Woody Point, which he named "Red Cliff Point", after the red-coloured cliffs visible from the bay.[10] In 1823, Governor of New South Wales, Thomas Brisbane, instructed that a new northern penal settlement be developed, and an exploration party led by John Oxley further explored Moreton Bay.[11]
Oxley discovered, named and explored the Brisbane River as far as Goodna, 20 kilometres (12 mi) upstream from the Brisbane central business district.[11] Oxley recommended Red Cliff Point for the new colony, reporting that ships could land at any tide and easily get close to the shore.[12] The party settled in Redcliffe on 13 September 1824, under the command of Lieutenant Henry Miller with 14 soldiers; some with wives and children; and 29 convicts. However, this settlement was abandoned after a year, and the colony was moved to a site on the Brisbane River now known as North Quay, 28 kilometres (17 mi) south, that offered a more reliable water supply. Chief Justice Forbes gave the new settlement the name of Edenglassie before it was named Brisbane.[13] Non-convict European settlement of the Brisbane region commenced in 1838.[14] German missionaries settled at Zions Hill, Nundah, as early as 1837, five years before Brisbane was officially declared a free settlement. The band consisted of two ministers, Christopher Eipper (1813–1894) and Carl Wilhelm Schmidt, and lay missionaries Haussmann, Johann Gottried Wagner, Niquet, Hartenstein, Zillman, Franz, Rode, Doege and Schneider.[15] They were allocated 260 hectares and set about establishing the mission, which became known as German Station.[16]
RAAF recruits marching along Queen Street, August 1940.
Free settlers entered the area over the following five years and by the end of 1840 Robert Dixon began work on the first plan of Brisbane Town in anticipation of future development.[17] Queensland was proclaimed a separate colony on 6 June 1859,[18] with Brisbane chosen as its capital, although it was not incorporated as a city until 1902. Over twenty small municipalities and shires were amalgamated in 1925, to form the City of Brisbane which is governed by the Brisbane City Council.[19][20] 1930 was a significant year for Brisbane, with the completion of Brisbane City Hall, then the city's tallest building and the Shrine of Remembrance, in ANZAC Square, which has become Brisbane's main war memorial.[21] These historic buildings along with the Story Bridge, opened in 1940[22] are key landmarks that help define the character of the city.
During World War II, Brisbane became central to the Allied campaign when the AMP Building (now called MacArthur Central) was used as the South West Pacific headquarters for General Douglas MacArthur, chief of the Allied Pacific forces, until his headquarters were moved to Hollandia in August 1944. MacArthur had previously rejected use of the University of Queensland complex as his headquarters, as the distinctive bends in the river at St Lucia could have aided enemy bombers. Also used as a headquarters by the American troops during World War II was the T & G Building.[23] Approximately 1 million US troops passed through Australia during the war, as the primary coordination point for the South West Pacific.[24] In 1942 Brisbane was the site of a violent clash between visiting US military personnel and Australian servicemen and civilians which resulted in one death and several injuries. This incident became known colloquially as the Battle of Brisbane.[25]
Postwar Brisbane had developed a "big country town" stigma, an image the city's politicians and marketers were very keen to remove.[26] In the late 1950s an anonymous poet known as The Brisbane Bard generated much attention on the city which helped to shake this stigma.[27][28] Despite steady growth, Brisbane's development was punctuated by infrastructure problems. The State government under Joh Bjelke-Petersen began a major program of change and urban renewal, beginning with the central business district and inner suburbs. Trams in Brisbane were a popular mode of public transport, until the network was closed in 1969, leaving Melbourne as the last Australian city to operate a tram network. The 1974 Brisbane flood was a major disaster which temporarily crippled the city. During this era, Brisbane grew and modernised rapidly becoming a destination of interstate migration. Some of Brisbane's popular landmarks were lost, including the Bellevue Hotel in 1979 and Cloudland in 1982, demolished in controversial circumstances by the Deen Brothers demolition crew. Major public works included the Riverside Expressway, the Gateway Bridge, and later, the redevelopment of South Bank, starting with the Queensland Art Gallery.
Brisbane hosted the 1982 Commonwealth Games and the 1988 World Exposition (known locally as World Expo 88). These events were accompanied by a scale of public expenditure, construction and development not previously seen in the state of Queensland.[29][30] Brisbane's population growth has exceeded the national average every year since 1990 at an average rate of around 2.2% per year. Brisbane was again hit by a major flood in January 2011. The Brisbane River did not reach the same height as the previous 1974 flood but still caused extensive damage and disruption to the city.[31][32]
The Old Windmill in Wickham Park in Brisbane. Built by convicts in 1824, it is one of Brisbane's most significant and oldest heritage landmarks.
ANZAC Square and the Shrine of Remembrance, Brisbane (c1930).
American Fleet Marching Down Queen Street, March 1941.
World Expo 88 as seen from the Brisbane River.
Queensland's first Government House was completed in 1862 and is located within the grounds of the Queensland University of Technology near the City Botanic Gardens
[edit] Tags:Queensland,Lga,Moreton Bay,Region,Moreton,Oxley,Capital,Governor Of New South Wales,New South Wales,Allied,World War Ii,South West Pacific Headquarters,1982 Commonwealth Games,Turrbal,Jagera,Matthew Flinders,Woody Point,Penal Settlement,John Oxley,Christopher Eipper,Carl Wilhelm Schmidt,Raaf,War Memorial,Macarthur Central,General Douglas Macarthur,Hollandia,South West Pacific,Joh Bjelke-petersen,Urban Renewal,Cloudland,Riverside Expressway,Gateway Bridge,South Bank,World Expo 88,Queensland's First Government House,Queensland University Of Technology, | |
| Geography | |
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Brisbane's central business district, viewed from Kangaroo Point, lies on a curve of the Brisbane river.
Satellite image of Brisbane Metropolitan Area.
Brisbane is in the southeast corner of Queensland, Australia. The city is centred along the Brisbane River, and its eastern suburbs line the shores of Moreton Bay. The greater Brisbane region is on the coastal plain east of the Great Dividing Range. Brisbane's metropolitan area sprawls along the Moreton Bay floodplain from Caboolture in the north to Beenleigh in the south, and across to Ipswich in the south west.
The city of Brisbane is based on a hilly surface.[33] The urban area, including the central business district, are partially elevated by spurs of the Herbert Taylor Range, such as the summit of Mount Coot-tha, reaching up to 300 metres (980 ft) and the smaller Enoggera Hill. Other prominent rises in Brisbane are Mount Gravatt and nearby Toohey Mountain. Mount Petrie at 170 metres (560 ft) and the lower rises of Highgate Hill, Mount Ommaney, Stephens Mountain and Whites Hill are dotted across the city.
The city is on a low-lying floodplain.[34] Many suburban creeks criss-cross the city, increasing the risk of flooding. The city has suffered three major floods since colonisation, in February 1893, January 1974, and January 2011. The 1974 Brisbane flood occurred partly as a result of "Cyclone Wanda". Heavy rain had fallen continuously for three weeks before the Australia Day weekend flood (26 – 27 January 1974).[35] The flood damaged many parts of the city, especially the suburbs of Oxley, Bulimba, Rocklea, Coorparoo, Toowong and New Farm. The City Botanic gardens were inundated, leading to a new colony of mangroves forming in the City Reach of the Brisbane River.[36]
[edit] Tags:Kangaroo Point,Ipswich,Petrie, | |
| Urban structure | |
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The Brisbane cityscape at night, with surrounding suburbs in the foreground.
The Brisbane central business district (CBD) lies in a curve of the Brisbane river. The CBD covers only 2.2 km2 (0.8 sq mi) and is walkable. Central streets are named after members of the royal family. Queen Street is Brisbane's traditional main street. Streets named after female members (Adelaide, Alice, Ann, Charlotte, Elizabeth, Margaret, Mary) run parallel to Queen Street and Queen Street Mall (named in honour of Queen Victoria) and perpendicular to streets named after male members (Albert, Edward, George, William). The city has retained some heritage buildings dating back to 1820's. The Old Windmill, in Wickham Park, built by convict labour in 1824,[37][38] is the oldest surviving building in Brisbane. The Old Windmill was originally used for the grinding of grain and a punishment for the convicts who manually operated the grinding mill. The Old Windmill tower’s other significant claim to fame, largely ignored, is that the first television signals in the southern hemisphere were transmitted from it by experimenters in April 1934 – long before TV commenced in most places. These experimental TV broadcasts continued until World War II.[37]
Medium density housing along the Brisbane River at Newstead.
The Old Commissariat Store, on William Street, built by convict labour in 1828, was originally used partly as a grainhouse, has also been a hostel for immigrants and used for the storage of records. Built with Brisbane tuff from the nearby Kangaroo Point Cliffs and sandstone from a quarry near today's Albion Park Racecourse, it is now the home of the Royal Historical Society of Brisbane. It contains a museum and can also be hired for small functions.[39][40][41] The city has a density of 379.4 people per square kilometre, which is high for an Australian city and comparable to that of Sydney. However like many western cities, Brisbane sprawls into the greater metropolitan area. This results from the fact that most of Brisbane's housing stock consists of detached houses.
Early legislation decreed a minimum size for residential blocks resulting in few terrace houses being constructed in Brisbane. Recently the density of the city and inner city neighbourhoods has increased with the construction of apartments, with the result that the population of the central business district has doubled over the last 5 years.[42] The high density housing that historically existed came in the form of miniature Queenslander-style houses which resemble the much larger traditional styles but are sometimes only one quarter the size. These miniature Queenslanders are becoming scarce but can still be seen in the inner city suburbs. Multi residence accommodations (such as apartment blocks) are relatively new to Brisbane, with few such blocks built before 1970, other than in inner suburbs such as New Farm. Pre-1950 housing was often built in a distinctive architectural style known as a Queenslander, featuring timber construction with large verandahs and high ceilings. The relatively low cost of timber in South-East Queensland meant that until recently most residences were constructed of timber, rather than brick or stone. Many of these houses are elevated on stumps (also called "stilts"), that were originally timber, but are now frequently replaced by steel or concrete. Brisbane is home to several of Australia's tallest buildings. Brisbane's tallest buildings are Soleil at 243 metres, Aurora Tower at 207 metres, Riparian Plaza at 200 metres, One One One Eagle Street at 195 metres, and Infinity, at 249 metres, which is currently under construction.[43]
Walter Taylor Bridge (road) (left), Albert Bridge (rail) (centre), unnamed bridge (rail) (right), Jack Pesch Bridge (far right)
Eleanor Schonell Bridge (Green Bridge) (pedestrians, pedal cycles, buses)
Merivale Bridge (rail)
William Jolly Bridge (road)
Victoria Bridge
Captain Cook Bridge
Story Bridge
Pacific Motorway
Suncorp Stadium (Lang Park) (Rugby league/Rugby Union/Soccer ground)
Norman Creek (Anglican Church Grammar School)
Oxley Creek
Brisbane River
Indooroopilly Shoppingtown
"The Gabba" (Brisbane Cricket Ground)
South Bank arts and recreation precinct
Central business district
University of Queensland (UQ) St Lucia Campus
City Botanic Gardens
Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Gardens Point Campus
Goodwill Bridge (pedestrians and pedal cycles)
The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital and the Royal Children's Hospital
Mater Private Hospital
Roma Street Rail Station
Roma Street Parkland
New Farm Park and Powerhouse
Victoria Park Golf Course
Brisbane Exhibition Ground
Brisbane Riverwalk (Destroyed in 2011 floods)
Inner City Bypass (rail) (left) (road) (right)
Indooroopilly Golf Course (Long Pocket)
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| Climate | |
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This detailed astronaut photograph illustrates flooding in suburbs of the Brisbane metropolitan region during early 2011.
Brisbane has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with warm to hot and humid summers and dry, moderately warm winters.[44][45] From November to March, thunderstorms are common over Brisbane, with the more severe events accom Tags: | |
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