Photo:1
Photo:2
Photo:3
Photo:4
Photo:1 Photo:2 Photo:3 Photo:4 |
| Botanical berries | |
| 2>
Several types of common "berries" are shown, only one of which (the blueberry) is a berry by botanical definition. Blackberries are aggregate fruit composed of many drupelets, and strawberries are aggregate accessory fruit.
In botanical language, a berry is a simple fruit having seeds and pulp produced from a single ovary; the ovary can be inferior or superior.
Examples of botanical berries include:
Avocado (Persea americana) a one-seeded berry
Banana
Barberry (Berberis; Berberidaceae)
Bearberry (Arctostaphylos spp.)
Cranberry
Crowberry (Empetrum spp.)
Currant (Ribes spp.; Grossulariaceae), red, black, and white types
Elderberry (Sambucus niger; Caprifoliaceae)
Gooseberry (Ribes spp.; Grossulariaceae)
Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica)
Grape, Vitis vinifera
Honeysuckle: the berries of some species are edible and are called honeyberries, but others are poisonous (Lonicera spp.; Caprifoliaceae)
Cowberry/Lingonberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Persimmon
Mayapple (Podophyllum spp.; Berberidaceae)
Nannyberry or sheepberry (Viburnum spp.; Caprifoliaceae)
Oregon-grape (Mahonia aquifolium; Berberidaceae)
Pumpkin
Strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo), not to be confused with the actual strawberry (Fragaria)
Tomato and other species of the family Solanaceae
Watermelon
Wolfberry
[edit] Tags:Persimmon,Fruit,Ovary,Tomato,Poisonous,Aggregate Fruit,Drupelets,Accessory Fruit,Seeds,Inferior,Superior,Banana,Berberidaceae,Currant,Grossulariaceae,Caprifoliaceae,Grape,Vitis Vinifera,Honeysuckle,Vaccinium Vitis-idaea,Mayapple,Oregon-grape,Pumpkin,Solanaceae,Watermelon,Drupe,Berries, | |
| Modified berries | |
| 3>
The fruit of citrus, such as the orange, kumquat and lemon, is a berry with a thick rind and a very juicy interior that is given the special name hesperidium.
Berries which develop from an inferior ovary are sometimes termed epigynous berries or false berries, as opposed to true berries which develop from a superior ovary. In epigynous berries, the berry includes tissue derived from parts of the flower besides the ovary. The floral tube, formed from the basal part of the sepals, petals and stamens can become fleshy at maturity and is united with the ovary to form the fruit. Common fruits that are sometimes classified as epigynous berries include bananas, coffee, members of the genus Vaccinium (e.g., cranberries and blueberries), and members of the family Cucurbitaceae (e.g., cucumbers, melons and squash).[1]
Another specialized term is also used for Cucurbitaceae fruits, which are modified to have a hard outer rind, and are given the special name pepo. While pepos are most common in the Cucurbitaceae, the fruits of Passiflora and Carica are sometimes also considered pepos.[2]
[edit] Tags:Citrus,Orange,Kumquat,Cucurbitaceae,Passiflora,Carica,Fruits, | |
| Not a botanical berry | |
| 2>
Many fruits commonly referred to as berries are not actual berries by the scientific definition, but fall into one of these categories:
[edit] Tags:Categories, | |
| Drupes | |
| 3>
Drupes are fleshy fruits produced from a (usually) single-seeded ovary with a hard stony layer (called the endocarp) surrounding the seed.
Olive
Plum
Peach
Cherry
Hackberry (Celtis spp.; Cannabaceae)
Bayberry
Other drupe-like fruits with a single seed, that lack the stony endocarp include:
Sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides; Elaeagnaceae) An achene surrounded by the hypanthium, which provides the fleshy layer
[edit] Tags:Drupes,Endocarp,Olive,Plum,Peach,Cherry,Cannabaceae,Sea-buckthorn,Elaeagnaceae,Achene,Hypanthium, | |
| Pomes | |
| 3>
The pome fruits produced by plants in subtribe Pyrinae of family Rosaceae, such as apples and pears, have a structure (the core) that clearly separates the seeds from the ovary tissue. However, some of the smaller pomes are sometimes referred to as berries. Bright red haws from Crataegus are sometimes called hawberries. Amelanchier pomes become so soft at maturity that they resemble a blueberry and are known as Juneberries or Saskatoon berries.
[edit] Tags:Pome,Rosaceae,Crataegus,Amelanchier, | |
| Aggregate fruits | |
| 3>
Alaska wild "berries" from the Innoko National Wildlife Refuge, a mixture of true berries and aggregate fruits
Aggregate fruits contain seeds from different ovaries of a single flower. Examples include blackberry and raspberry.
[edit] Tags:Innoko National Wildlife Refuge,Aggregate Fruits, | |
| Multiple fruits | |
| 3>
Multiple fruits include the fruits of multiple flowers that are merged or packed closely together. The mulberry is a berry-like example of a multiple fruit; it develops from a cluster of tiny separate flowers that become compressed as they develop into fruit.[3]
[edit] Tags:Multiple Fruits,Multiple Fruit, | |
| Accessory fruits | |
| 3>
In accessory fruits, the edible part is not generated by the ovary. Berry-like examples include:
Strawberry - the aggregate of seed-like achenes is actually the "fruit", derived from an aggregate of ovaries, and the fleshy part develops from the receptacle.
Gurbir, Duchesnea indica - structured just like a strawberry
Sea grape (Coccoloba uvifera; Polygonaceae) - the fruit is a dry capsule surrounded by fleshy calyx
Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) - the fruit is a dry capsule surrounded by fleshy calyx
[edit] Tags:Achenes,Receptacle,Gurbir,Sea Grape,Polygonaceae,Gaultheria Procumbens, | |
| Color and potential health benefits | |
| 2>
Example of color contrast in these (mostly inedible) wild berries
By contrasting in color with their background, berries are more attractive to animals that eat them, and they therefore aid in the dispersal of the plants' seeds.
Berry colors are due to natural plant pigments, many of which are polyphenols, such as the flavonoids, anthocyanins, and tannins, localized mainly in berry skins and seeds. Berry pigments are usually antioxidants in vitro and thus have oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) that is high among plant foods.[4] Together with good nutrient content, ORAC derived in the laboratory distinguishes several berries within a new category of functional foods called "superfruits". However, there is no physiological evidence established to date that berry polyphenols have actual antioxidant value within the human body, and it remains invalid to claim polyphenols have antioxidant health value on product labels in the United States and Europe.[5][6]
[edit] Tags:Example Of Color Contrast,Plant Pigments,Flavonoids,Anthocyanins,Skins,Antioxidants,In Vitro,Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity,Functional Foods, | |
| See also | |
| 2>
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Berries
List of culinary fruits
List of inedible fruits
Accessory fruit
Aggregate fruit
Multiple fruit
Drupe
Wheatberry
[edit] Tags:List Of Culinary Fruits,List Of Inedible Fruits, | |
| Notes | |
| 2>
^ Gupta, P.K.. Genetics Classical To Modern. Rastogi Publications. ISBN 9788171338962. http://books.google.ca/books?id=uIfSEdff6YgC.
^ A Systematic Treatment of Fruit Types
^ The American heritage science dictionary, Google Books
^ Wu X, Beecher GR, Holden JM, Haytowitz DB, Gebhardt SE, Prior RL (June 2004). "Lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacities of common foods in the United States". J. Agric. Food Chem. 52 (12): 4026–37. doi:10.1021/jf049696w. PMID 15186133.
^ Guidance for Industry, Food Labeling; Nutrient Content Claims; Definition for "High Potency" and Definition for "Antioxidant" for Use in Nutrient Content Claims for Dietary Supplements and Conventional Foods U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, June 2008
^ EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA)2, 3 (2010). "Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to various food(s)/food constituent(s) and protection of cells from premature aging, antioxidant activity, antioxidant content and antioxidant properties, and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061" (PDF). EFSA Journal (Parma, Italy: European Food Safety Authority) 8 (2): 1489. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1489. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/doc/1489.pdf.
[edit] Tags: | |
| External links | |
| 2>
The National Council for the Conservation of Plants and Gardens – Description of berries
Encarta.msn.com (Archived 2009-10-31) – Differentiation between true berries, pepos, and hesperidia
United States National Berry Crops Initiative
Berry Health Benefits Network – Scientists working on the health properties of berries
v
d
e
Types of fruits
Types of fruits
Achene · Berry · Capsule · Caryopsis · Drupe · Follicle · Hesperidium · Legume · Loment · Nut · Pome · Samara · Schizocarp · Silique · Syconium
Categories of fruits
Accessory fruit · Simple fruit · Compound fruit · Aggregate fruit · Multiple fruit · Dehiscent fruit
Function
Diaspore · Drift fruit
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berry&oldid=476368877"
Categories: BerriesFruit morphology
Personal tools
Log in / create account
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
Actions
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact Wikipedia
Toolbox
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a bookDownload as PDFPrintable version
Languages
العربية
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Català
Чӑвашла
Česky
Dansk
Deutsch
Dolnoserbski
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
Galego
Հայերեն
Hornjoserbsce
Ido
Italiano
עברית
ಕನ್ನಡ
Kapampangan
ქართული
Latviešu
Lietuvių
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk (bokmål)
Norsk (nynorsk)
Nouormand
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Seeltersk
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / Srpski
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Українська
Tiếng Việt
West-Vlams
粵語
中文
This page was last modified on 12 February 2012 at 00:33.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply.
See Terms of use for details.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.Contact us
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Mobile view
if ( window.isMSIE55 ) fixalpha();
if ( window.mediaWiki ) {
mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.user", "mediawiki.util", "mediawiki.page.ready", "mediawiki.legacy.wikibits", "mediawiki.legacy.ajax", "mediawiki.legacy.mwsuggest", "ext.gadget.wmfFR2011Style", "ext.vector.collapsibleNav", "ext.vector.collapsibleTabs", "ext.vector.editWarning", "ext.vector.simpleSearch", "ext.UserBuckets", "ext.articleFeedback.startup", "ext.articleFeedbackv5.startup", "ext.markAsHelpful"]);
}
if ( window.mediaWiki ) {
mw.user.options.set({"ccmeonemails":0,"cols":80,"date":"default","diffonly":0,"disablemail":0,"disablesuggest":0,"editfont":"default","editondblclick":0,"editsection":1,"editsectiononrightclick":0,"enotifminoredits":0,"enotifrevealaddr":0,"enotifusertalkpages":1,"enotifwatchlistpages":0,"extendwatchlist":0,"externaldiff":0,"externaleditor":0,"fancysig":0,"forceeditsummary":0,"gender":"unknown","hideminor":0,"hidepatrolled":0,"highlightbroken":1,"imagesize":2,"justify":0,"math":1,"minordefault":0,"newpageshidepatrolled":0,"nocache":0,"noconvertlink":0,"norollbackdiff":0,"numberheadings":0,"previewonfirst":0,"previewontop":1,"quickbar":5,"rcdays":7,"rclimit":50,"rememberpassword":0,"rows":25,"searchlimit":20,"showhiddencats":false,"showjumplinks":1,"shownumberswatching":1,"showtoc":1,"showtoolbar":1,"skin":"vector","stubthreshold":0,"thumbsize":4,"underline":2,"uselivepreview":0,"usenewrc":0,"watchcreations":1,"watchdefault":0,"watchdeletion":0,"watchlistdays":3,"watchlisthideanons":0,
"watchlisthidebots":0,"watchlisthideliu":0,"watchlisthideminor":0,"watchlisthideown":0,"watchlisthidepatrolled":0,"watchmoves":0,"wllimit":250,"flaggedrevssimpleui":1,"flaggedrevsstable":0,"flaggedrevseditdiffs":true,"flaggedrevsviewdiffs":false,"vector-simplesearch":1,"useeditwarning":1,"vector-collapsiblenav":1,"usebetatoolbar":1,"usebetatoolbar-cgd":1,"wikilove-enabled":1,"variant":"en","language":"en","searchNs0":true,"searchNs1":false,"searchNs2":false,"searchNs3":false,"searchNs4":false,"searchNs5":false,"searchNs6":false,"searchNs7":false,"searchNs8":false,"searchNs9":false,"searchNs10":false,"searchNs11":false,"searchNs12":false,"searchNs13":false,"searchNs14":false,"searchNs15":false,"searchNs100":false,"searchNs101":false,"searchNs108":false,"searchNs109":false,"gadget-mySandbox":1,"gadget-wmfFR2011Style":1});;mw.user.tokens.set({"editToken":"+\\","watchToken":false});;mw.loader.state({"user.options":"ready","user.tokens":"ready"});
/* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-js:4:66a568c26ff67d7e55cbec9a00b41f09 */
}
Tags:Syconium, | |
zote monety |