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| Foreign relations | |
| 3>
Only in recent times has the northern dialect, pek-kuān-hoá, in the form [spoken] in the capital, kÒng-hoá, begun to strive for general acceptance, and the struggle seems to be decided in its favor. It is preferred by the officials and studied by the European diplomats. Scholarship must not follow this practise. The Peking dialect is phonetically the poorest of all dialects and therefore has the most homophones. This is why it is most unsuitable for scientific purposes.[2]
Chinesische Grammatik, Professor Georg von Der Gabelentz (1881)
A more suitable dialect in Gabelentz's views for science was the Nanjing dialect rather than Beijing.[3]
However, Japanese diplomatcs in China promoted the usage of Beijing dialect among themselves, with students in Japan primarily studying Beijing dialect.[4]
[edit] Tags:Beijing,Usa,China,Nanjing Dialect,Jin, | |
| Distribution | |
| 2>
The term "Beijing dialect" usually refers to the dialect spoken in the urban area of Beijing only.[citation needed] However, linguists[who?] have given a broader definition for Beijing Mandarin (simplified Chinese: 北京官话; traditional Chinese: 北京官話; pinyin: Běijīng Guānhuà) that also includes some dialects closely akin to that of urban Beijing.[citation needed]
For example, the topolect of Chengde, Hebei, a city to the north of Beijing, is considered[who?] sufficiently close to Beijing dialect to be put into this category. Standard Chinese is also put into this category,[citation needed] since it is based on the local dialect of Beijing.
[edit] Tags:Chinese,Mandarin,Simplified Chinese,Traditional Chinese,Pinyin,Standard Chinese,Topolect,Chengde,Hebei, | |
| Mutual intelligibility with other Mandarin dialects | |
| 2>
Dungan language speakers like Iasyr Shivaza and others have reported that Chinese who speak Beijing dialect can understand Dungan, but Dungans could not understand the Beijing Mandarin.[5]
[edit] Tags:Dungan Language,Iasyr Shivaza,Dungan,Gan, | |
| Phonology | |
| 2>
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.
In fundamental structure, the phonology of the Beijing dialect and Standard Chinese are almost identical. In part, this is because the pronunciation of Standard Chinese was based on Beijing pronunciation. (See Standard Chinese for its phonology charts; the same basic structure applies to the Beijing dialect.)
However, some striking differences exist. Most prominent is the proliferation of rhotic vowels. All rhotic vowels are the result of the use of the -儿 /-ɻ/, a noun suffix, except for a few words pronounced /ɑɻ/ that do not have this suffix. In Standard Chinese, these also occur, but with nowhere near the ubiquity and frequency in which they appear in Beijing dialect. This phenomenon is known as érhuà (儿化) or rhotacization, as is considered one of the iconic characteristics of Beijing Mandarin.
When /w/ occurs in syllable-initial position, many speakers use [ʋ] before any vowel except [o] as in 我 wǒ, e.g. 尾巴 wěiba [ʋei̯˨pa˦].
Moreover, Beijing dialect has a few phonetic reductions that are usually considered too "colloquial" for use in Standard Chinese. For example, in fast speech, initial consonants go through lenition if they are in an unstressed syllable: pinyin ⟨zh ch sh⟩ /tʂ tʂʰ ʂ/ become ⟨r⟩ /ɻ/, so 不知道 bùzhīdào "don't know" can sound like bùrdào; ⟨j q x⟩ /tɕ tɕʰ ɕ/ become ⟨y⟩ /j/, so 赶紧去 gǎnjǐnqù "go quickly" can sound like gǎnyǐnqù; pinyin ⟨b d g⟩ /p t k/ go through voicing to become [b d ɡ]; similar changes also occur on other consonants. Also, final -⟨n⟩ /-n/ and (less frequently) -⟨ng⟩ /-ŋ/ can fail to close entirely, so that a nasal vowel is pronounced instead of a nasal stop; for example, 您 nín ends up sounding like [nĩ˧˥] (nasalized), instead of [nin˧˥] as in Standard Chinese:
Pinyin
Standard Chinese
Typical pronunciation
in Beijing
an
[an]
[æɨ̃]
ian
[i̯ɛn]
[i̯ɛɨ̃]
en
[ən]
[əɨ̃]
in
[in]
[i̯əɨ̃]
ang
[ɑŋ]
[ɑɯ̃]
eng
[ɤŋ]
[ɤɯ̃]
ing
[iŋ]
[i̯ɤɯ̃]
Some of these changes yield syllables which are violate the syllable structure of Standard Chinese, such as 大柵欄 Dà Zhàlán Street, which locals pronounce as Dàshlàr.[6]
The tones of Beijing dialect tend to be more exaggerated than Standard Chinese. In Standard Chinese, the four tones are high flat, high rising, low dipping, and falling; in Beijing dialect, the first two tones are made higher, the third one dips more prominently, and the fourth one falls more.
[edit] Tags:Ipa,Unicode,Rendering Support,Question Marks, Boxes, Or Other Symbols,Phonology,Rhotic Vowels,Noun,Suffix,érhuà,Rhotacization,Lenition,Unstressed,Syllable,Voicing,Nasal Vowel,Nasal Stop,Nasalized,Min, | |
| Vocabulary | |
| 2>
Beijing dialect typically uses many words that are considered slang, and therefore occur much less or not at all in Standard Chinese. Speakers not native to Beijing may have trouble understanding many or most of these. Many of such slang words employ the rhotic suffix -r. Examples include:
倍儿 bèir – very, especially (referring to manner or attribute)
别价 biéjie – do not; usually followed by 呀 if used as an imperative (Usually used when rejecting a favor or politeness from close friends)
搓火儿 cuōhuǒr – to be angry
颠儿了 diārle – to leave; to run away
二把刀 èrbǎdāo – a person with limited abilities, klutz
撒丫子 sayazi – to let go on feet, to go, leave.
怂 sóng / 蔫儿 niār – no backbone, spiritless
消停 xiāoting – to finally and thankfully become quiet and calm
辙 zhé – way (to do something); equivalent to Standard Chinese 办法
褶子了 zhezile – ruined (especially things to do)
Some Beijing phrases may be somewhat disseminated outside Beijing:
抠门儿 kōumér – stingy, miserly (may be used even outside Beijing)
劳驾 láojia – "Excuse me"; heard often on public transportation
溜达 liūda – to stroll about; equivalent to Standard Chinese 逛街 or 散步
Note that some of the slang are considered to be tuhua (土话), or "base" or "uneducated" language, that are carryovers from an older generation and are no longer used amongst more educated speakers, for example:
迄小儿 qíxiǎor – since a young age
晕菜 yūncài – to be disoriented
Others may be viewed as neologistic expressions used amongst among younger speakers and in "trendier" circles:
爽 shuǎng – cool (in relation to a matter); cf. 酷 (kù) (describes a person)
套瓷儿 tàocír – to toss into the hoop; used of basketball
小蜜 xiǎomì – special female friend (negative connotation)
[edit] Tags:Imperative,Slang,Neologistic,Old, | |
| Grammar | |
| 2>
The Beijing dialect was studied by linguists like Joseph Edkins and Robert Morrison.[7]
The grammar of the colloquial Beijing dialect utilizes more colloquial expressions than does Standard Chinese. In general, Standard Chinese is influenced by Classical Chinese, which makes it more condensed and concise; Beijing dialect can therefore seem more longwinded (though note the generally faster speaking rate and phonetic reductions of colloquial Beijing speech).
An example:
Standard Chinese:
今天会下雨，所以出门时要记得带伞。
Jīntiān huì xiàyǔ, suǒyǐ chūmén shí yào jìde dài sǎn.
Translation: It is going to rain today, (so) remember to bring an umbrella when you go out.
Beijing dialect:
今儿得下雨，（所以）出门儿时候得记着带伞！
Jīnr děi xiàyǔ, (suǒyǐ) chūménr shíhòu děi jìzhe dài sǎn!
Under the influence of the Beijing dialect's phonetic reductions:
Jīr děi xiàyǔ, (suǒyǐ) chūmér ríhòu děi jìr dài sǎn!
[edit] Tags:Robert Morrison,Grammar,Classical Chinese,Classical, | |
| References | |
| 2>
^ Beijing dialect. WordNet® 3.0, © 2006 by Princeton University.
^ Elisabeth Kaske (2008). The politics of language in Chinese education, 1895-1919. Volume 82 of Sinica Leidensia (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 71. ISBN 9004163670. http://books.google.com/books?id=okhrBBmnHVQC&dq=die+nanking+kuanhua&q=general++poorest+homophones+#v=snippet&q=general%20%20poorest%20homophones&f=false. Retrieved 10th of February, 2012. "Only in recent times has the northern dialect, pek-kuÊn-hoá, in the form [spoken ] in the capital, kÒng-hoá, begun to strive for general acceptance, and the struggle seems to be decided in its favor. It is preferred by the ofÀcials and studied by the European diplomatcs. Scholarship must not follow this practise. The Peking dialect is phonetically the poorest of all dialects and therefore has the most homophones. This is why it is most unsuitable for scientific purposes.260" ()
^ Elisabeth Kaske (2008). The politics of language in Chinese education, 1895-1919. Volume 82 of Sinica Leidensia (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 70. ISBN 9004163670. http://books.google.com/books?id=okhrBBmnHVQC&dq=die+nanking+kuanhua&q=wufang++adapt+course#v=onepage&q=George%20von%20der%20Gabelentz%20Leipzig%20ecluded&f=false. Retrieved 10th of February, 2012. "By contrast, many Western sinologists and missionaries remained skeptical of the choice of the Beijing dialect. Henri Cordier (1848-1925) wrote in his obituary to Thomas Wade that he opposed this step.259 Georg von Der Gabelentz, professor of East Asian languages in Leipzig, whose Chinesische Grammatik publisheed in 1881 excluded the modern spoken language, wrote that the Nanjing dialect should be adopted for scientific purposes:" ()
^ Elisabeth Kaske (2008). The politics of language in Chinese education, 1895-1919. Volume 82 of Sinica Leidensia (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 70. ISBN 9004163670. http://books.google.com/books?id=okhrBBmnHVQC&dq=die+nanking+kuanhua&q=wufang++adapt+course#v=onepage&q=japanese%20diplomatic%20circles%20tokyo%20linguistic%20&f=false. Retrieved 10th of February, 2012. "The Beijing dialect was most succesful in Japanese diplomatic circles, probably because the Japanese diplomats saw an analogy with their own linguistic situation and wanted to strengthen the faction which worked to consolidate Tokyo as the political and linguistic center of the empire. Wade's Yü-yen Tzu-erh Chi became highly popular and soon similar textbooks were compiledd on its basis.256 In 1878, the first three students were sent to Beijing to study Chinese.257 In 1876, the Japanese foreign languages school Kyugaigo for the first time employed a Manchu to teach the Beijing dialect and discontinued the teaching of the southern Chinese dialect by the early 1880s.258" ()
^ Fu ren da xue (Beijing, China), S.V.D. Research Institute, Society of the Divine Word, Monumenta Serica Institute (1977). Monumenta serica, Volume 33. H. Vetch. p. 351. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZoNCAAAAYAAJ&q=shivaza&dq=shivaza. Retrieved 2011-02-15.
^ Language Log
^ Missionary recorder: a repository of intelligence from eastern missions, and a medium of general information, Volume 1. FOOCHOW: American M.E. Mission Press.. 1867. p. 40. http://books.google.com/books?id=fg89AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA40&dq=The+pronunciation+in+this+work,+is+rather+what+the+Chinese+call+the+Nanking+dialect,+than+the&hl=en&ei=aMyZToLGIOrq0gGW-8m5BA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=The%20pronunciation%20in%20this%20work%2C%20is%20rather%20what%20the%20Chinese%20call%20the%20Nanking%20dialect%2C%20than%20the&f=false. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
[edit] Tags:Nanking,Wu, | |
| Further Reading | |
| 2>
George Carter Stent, Donald MacGillivray (1898). A Chinese and English vocabulary in the Pekinese dialect (3 ed.). American Presbyterian Mission Press. http://books.google.com/books?id=tglSbI_mnSoC&printsec=frontcover&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
Guan hua zhi nan The guide to Kuan Hua. A translation of the " Kuan hua chih nan.": With an essay on tone and accent in Pekinese and a glossary of phrases. SHANGHAI: KELLY & WALSH, LIMITED. THE BUND & NANKING ROAD.: Kelly and Walsh, Limited. The Bund & Nanking Road. 1889. pp. 221. http://books.google.com/books?id=ETQrAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 10th of February, 2012. (Harvard University)
Goh (1900). The guide to kuan hua: a translation of the "Kuan hua chih nan", with an essay on tone and accent in Pekinese and a glossary of phrases (3 ed.). SHANGHAI: KELLY & WALSH, LIMITED. THE BUND & NANKING ROAD, AND AT HONGKONG, YOKOHOMA AND SINGAPORE: Kelly. pp. 193. http://books.google.com/books?id=DzAtAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 10th of February, 2012. (Princeton University)
The guide to Kuan Hua: a translation of the "Kuan Hua Chin Nan" with an essay on Tone and accent in Pekinese and a Glossary of phrases (4 ed.). SHANGHAI: KELLY & WALSH, LIMITED. THE BUND & NANKING ROAD, AND AT HONGKONG, YOKOHOMA AND SINGAPORE: Kelly & Walsh. 1895. pp. 193. http://books.google.com/books?id=46NBAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 10th of February, 2012. (the University of California)
Goh (1900). The guide to kuan hua: a translation of the "Kuan hua chih nan", with an essay on tone and accent in Pekinese and a glossary of phrases (3 ed.). SHANGHAI: KELLY & WALSH, LIMITED. THE BUND & NANKING ROAD, AND AT HONGKONG, YOKOHOMA AND SINGAPORE: Kelly. pp. 193. http://books.google.com/books?id=wjsYAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 10th of February, 2012. (the New York Public Library)Translated by Lionel Charles Hopkins
L. C. Hopkins (2005). The Guide to Kuan Hua: A Translation of the Kuan Hua Chih Nan (reprint ed.). Kessinger Publishing. pp. 204. ISBN 1417962259. http://books.google.com/books?id=Vr6DhqIfsmkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 10th of February, 2012. ()
Daigoro] [Gô (1921). The guide to Kuan hua, a translation of the "Kuan hua chih nan," with an essay on tone and accent in Pekinese and a glossary of phrases by L.C. Hopkins (5 ed.). Kelly & Walsh. pp. 193. http://books.google.com/books?id=sKAtAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_book_other_versions. Retrieved 10th of February, 2012. (the University of Michigan)Translated by Lionel Charles Hopkins
Henri Boucher, ed. (1906) (in French). Koan-hoa Tche-nan: Boussole du langage mandarin (4 ed.). CHANG-HAI IMPRIMERIE DE LA MISSION CATHOLIQUE ORPHELINAT DE T'OU-SÉ -WÉ: Impr. de la Mission catholique. pp. 482. http://books.google.com/books?id=DrBDAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 10th of February, 2012. (the University of California)
(in French) Koan-hoa tche-nan: Boussole du langage mandarin, Volume 1. SECOND VOLUME (3 ed.). ZI-KA-WEI IMPRIMERIE DE LA MISSION CATHOLIQUE AL'ORPHELINAT DE T'OU-SÉ -WÉ: Imprimerie de la Misson catholique. 1901. http://books.google.com/books?id=sEYrAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 10th of February, 2012. (Harvard University)
(in French) Koan-hoa tche-nan: Boussole du langage mandarin, Volume 1. SECOND VOLUME (3 ed.). ZI-KA-WEI IMPRIMERIE DE LA MISSION CATHOLIQUE AL'ORPHELINAT DE T'OU-SÉ -WÉ: Imprimerie de la Misson catholique. 1901. http://books.google.com/books?id=wzMrAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 10th of February, 2012. (Harvard University)
Henri Boucher (1893) (in French). Koan-hoa tche-nan: boussole du langage mandarin. PREMIER VOLUME (2 ed.). ZI-KA-WEI IMPRIMERIE DE LA MISSION CATHOLIQUE AL'ORPHELINAT DE T'OU-SÉ -WÉ: Mission catholique. http://books.google.com/books?id=LohAAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 10th of February, 2012. (Columbia University)
PREMIER VOLUME (1887). Henri Boucher (S. J.). ed (in French). Koan-Hoa Tche-Nan Boussole du langage mandarin, Volume 1. ZI-KA-WEI IMPRIMERIE DE LA MISSION CATHOLIQUE AL'ORPHELINAT DE T'OU-SÉ -WÉ: Imprimerie de la Mission Catholique. http://books.google.com/books?id=3fYsAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 10th of February, 2012. (Harvard University)
Henri Boucher (S. J.), ed. (1887) (in French). Koan-Hoa Tche-Nan Boussole du langage mandarin, Volume 2. SECOND VOLUME. ZI-KA-WEI IMPRIMERIE DE LA MISSION CATHOLIQUE AL'ORPHELINAT DE T'OU-SÉ -WÉ: Imprimerie de la Mission Catholique. http://books.google.com/books?id=-_8sAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 10th of February, 2012. (Harvard University)
Japan. Consulate. Peiping (1906) (in French). Koan-hoa tche-nan; boussole du langage mandarin, tr. et annotée par le père (4 ed.). CHANG-HAI IMPRIMERIE DE LA MISSION CATHOLIQUE ORPHELINAT DE T'OU-SÉ -WÉ. pp. 482. http://books.google.com/books?id=nqTGAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 10th of February, 2012. (the University of Michigan)
Hsin-k'o Hsia (195?). Mandarin in four weeks. Chi Ming Book Co.. pp. 230. http://books.google.com/books?id=BrUPAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 10th of February, 2012. (the University of Virginia)
[edit] Tags:Singapore, | |
| See also | |
| 2>
List of Chinese dialects
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