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| Orthography | |
| 2>
In Hebrew writing with niqqud, a dot in the center of one of these letters, called dagesh ( ּ ), marks the plosive articulation:
at the beginning of a word[note 2] or after a consonant (in which cases it is termed "dagesh qal"[note 3]),
when the sound is – or was historically – geminated (in which case it is termed "dagesh ẖazaq", a mark for historical gemination in most other consonants of the language as well), and
in some modern Hebrew words independently of these conditions (see below).
A line (similar to a macron) placed above it, called "rafe" ( ֿ ), marks in Yiddish (and rarely in Hebrew) the fricative articulation.
[edit] Tags:Plosive,Consonants,Geminated,Letter,Fricative,B,V,D,K,Pe,P,F,T,Modern Hebrew,Yiddish,S,Hebrew,Writing With Niqqud,Macron,Niqqud, | |
| In Modern Hebrew | |
| 2>
As mentioned above, the fricative variants of [ɡ], [d] and [t] no longer exist in modern Hebrew. (However, Hebrew does have the guttural R consonant /ʁ/ which is the voiced counterpart of /χ/ and often coincides with Mizrahi Hebrew's fricative variant of [ɡ] ḡímel as well as Arabic's غ ġayn, both of which are /ɣ/~/ʁ/. Modern Hebrew ר resh can still sporadically be found standing in for this phoneme, for example in the Hebrew rendering of Raleb (Ghaleb) Majadele's name.) The three remaining pairs /b/~/v/, /k/~/χ/, and /p/~/f/ sometimes still behave allophonically, as demonstrated in inflections of many roots in which the roots' meaning is retained despite variation of begedkefet letters' manner of articulation, e.g.,
in verbs:
• בוא ← תבוא
/bo/ → /taˈvo/
("come" (imperative) → "you will come"),
• שבר ← נשבר
/ʃaˈvaʁ/ → /niʃˈbaʁ/
("broke" (transitive) → "broke" (intransitive),
• כתב ← יכתוב
/kaˈtav/ → /jiχˈtov/
("he wrote" → "he will write"),
• זכר ← יזכור
/zaˈχaʁ/ → /jizˈkoʁ/
("he remembered" → "he will remember"),
• פנית ← לפנות
/paˈnit/ → /lifˈnot/
("you (f.) turned" → "to turn"),
• שפטת ← לשפוט
/ʃaˈfatet/ → /liʃˈpot/
("you (f.) judged" → "to judge "),
or in nouns:
• ערב ← ערביים
/ˈeʁev/ → /aʁˈbajim/
("evening" → "twilight"),
• מלך ← מלכה
/ˈmeleχ/ → /malˈka/
("king" → "queen"),
• אלף ← אלפית
/ˈelef/ → /alˈpit/
("a thousand" → "a thousandth"),
however in Israeli Hebrew plosive and fricative variants of ב, כ and פ are sometimes distinct phonemes, compare e.g.:
• אִפֵּר – אִפֵר
/iˈpeʁ/ – /iˈfeʁ/
("applied make up" – "tipped ash"),
• פִּסְפֵּס – פִסְפֵס
/pisˈpes/ – /fisˈfes/
("striped" – "missed"),
• הִתְחַבֵּר – הִתְחַבֵר
/hitχaˈbeʁ/ – /hitχaˈveʁ/
("connected" – "made friends (with)"),
• הִשְׁתַּבֵּץ – הִשְׁתַּבֵץ
/hiʃtaˈbets/ – /hiʃtaˈvets/
("got integrated" – "was shocked"),
and consider, e.g.:
•
לככב "to star", whose common pronunciation /lekaˈχev/ preserves the manner of articulation of each kaf in the word it is derived from: כּוֹכָב /koˈχav/ "a star" (first plosive, then fricative), as opposed to the prescribed pronunciation /leχaˈkev/, which regards the variation in pronunciation of kaf /χ/ ←→ /k/ as allophonic and determines its manner of articulation according to historical phonological principles; or:
•
similarly, לרכל "to gossip", whose prescribed pronunciation /leʁaˈkel/ is rejected, commonly pronunced /leʁaˈχel/, preserving the fricative manner of articulation in related nouns (e.g. רכילות /ʁeχiˈlut/ "gossip", רכלן /ʁaχˈlan/ "gossiper").
This phonemic divergence might be due to a number of factors, amongst others:
due to loss of consonant gemination in modern Hebrew, which formerly distinguished the stop members of the pairs from the fricatives when intervocalic – e.g. in the inflections:
• קפץ ← קיפץ
/kaˈfats/ → /kiˈpets/, historically /kipˈpets/
("jumped" → "hopped"),
• שבר ← שיבר
/ʃaˈvar/ → /ʃiˈber/, historically /ʃibˈber/
("broke" → "shattered"),
• שכן ← שיכן
/ʃaˈχan/ → /ʃiˈken/, historically /ʃikˈken/
("resided" → "housed"),
due to the introduction, through foreign borrowings, of:
• syllable-initial /f/ (e.g. פברק /fibˈʁek/ "fabricated"),
• non-syllable-initial /p/ (e.g. הפנט /hipˈnet/ "hypnotized")
• non-syllable-initial /b/ (e.g. ג׳וֹבּ /dʒob/ "job", קוּבּ /kub/ "cubic meter", פָּאבּ /pab/ "pub").
[edit] Tags:Pronunciation,ɡ,ɣ,X,χ,Allophonic,Guttural R,ʁ,Mizrahi Hebrew,Arabic,Raleb (ghaleb) Majadele,Allophonically,Inflections,Roots,Manner Of Articulation,Transitive,Israeli Hebrew,ב,כ,Kaf,Derived,Prescribed, | |
| Notes | |
| 2>
^ In modern Hebrew, the letter gimel modified by the diacritic geresh – ג׳ – is pronounced as the affricate [dʒ]; this, however, denotes a separate phoneme, not connected to the phenomenon of spirantization: compare e.g. גז /ɡez/ ("fleece") ←→ ג׳ז /dʒez/ ("jazz"); חג /χaɡ/ ("holiday") ←→ חג׳ /χadʒ/ ("the Hajj"). Conversely, dalet and tav with a geresh – ד׳ and ת׳ – respectively do denote the fricatives [ð] and [θ], however never as sounds in Hebrew words or even loanwords, but are rather used exclusively for the hebraization of foreign language texts or the transliteration of foreign names. Also these modern Hebrew variants have nothing to do with the phenomenon of spirantization.
^ In non-Modern Hebrew texts, begedkefet letters at the beginning of a word preceded by a vowel are sometimes written without a dagesh and therefore pronounced as fricatives, e.g. "אֲשֶׁר־בּוֹ פְרִי־עֵץ" (/aʃer bo fri ʕets/, Genesis 1, 29), but not always – e.g. "עֹשֶׂה פְּרִי" (/ʕose pri/, Genesis 1, 11 and 1, 12)[5]
^ In modern Hebrew ktiv menuqad, the dagesh qal is marked also in the three begedkefet letters which can no longer denote a fricative variant – ג ([ɡ]), ד ([d]) and ת ([t]) – conserving the masoretic niqqud tradition.
[edit] Tags:Spirantization,Gimel,ð,θ, | |
| References | |
| 2>
^ See for instance: Werner Vycichl, "Begadkefat im Berberischen", in: James and Theodora Bynon (eds.), Hamito-Semitica, London 1975, pp. 315-317.
^ Or perhaps Hurrian, but this is unlikely, c.f. Dolgoposky 1999, pp. 72-73.
^ Dolsopolsky 1999, p. 72.
^ Dolgopolsky 1999, p. 73.
^ Mechon Mamre Online Bible
[edit] Tags: | |
| External links | |
| 2>
Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, §12, §13, §21
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begadkefat&oldid=472075642"
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