Arabic alphabet Photos:

Arabic alphabet
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Arabic alphabet
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Arabic alphabet
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Arabic alphabet
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Arabic alphabet Basic Informations:

Consonants
2> The Arabic alphabet has 28 basic letters. Adaptations of the Arabic script for other languages, such as Persian, Ottoman, Sindhi, Urdu, Malay or Pashto, Arabi Malayalam, have additional letters, on which see below. There are no distinct upper and lower case letter forms. Many letters look similar but are distinguished from one another by dots (’i‘jām) above or below their central part, called rasm. These dots are an integral part of a letter, since they distinguish between letters that represent different sounds. For example, the Arabic letters transliterated as b and t have the same basic shape, but b has one dot below, ب, and t has two dots above, ت. Both printed and written Arabic are cursive, with most of the letters within a word directly connected to the adjacent letters. [edit]

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Alphabetical order
3> There are two main collating sequences for the Arabic alphabet: The original ’abjadī order (أبجدي), used for lettering, derives from the order of the Phoenician alphabet, and is therefore similar to the order of other Phoenician-derived alphabets, such as the Hebrew alphabet. In this order letters are also used as numbers. The hijā’ī (هجائي) or ’alifbā’ī (ألفبائي) order shown in the table below, used where lists of names and words are sorted, as in phonebooks, classroom lists, and dictionaries, groups letters by similarity of shape. The ’abjadī order is not a simple historical continuation of the earlier north Semitic alphabetic order, since it has a position corresponding to the Aramaic letter sameḵ/semkat ס, yet no letter of the Arabic alphabet historically derives from that letter. Loss of sameḵ was compensated for by the split of shin ש into two independent Arabic letters, ش (shīn) and ﺱ (sīn) which moved up to take the place of sameḵ. The most common ’abjadī sequence is: غ ظ ض ذ خ ث ت ش ر ق ص ف ع س ن م ل ك ي ط ح ز و ه د ج ب أ gh ẓ ḍ dh kh th t sh r q ṣ f ‘ s n m l k y ṭ ḥ z w h d j b ’ Note: In this sequence, and all those that follow, the letters are presented in Arabic writing order, i.e., right to left. The Latin script transliterations are also in this order, with each placed under its corresponding letter. Thus, the first letter of the sequence is "أ"(’) at the right, and the last letter in the sequence is "غ"(gh), at the left. This is commonly vocalized as follows: ’abjad hawwaz ḥuṭṭī kalaman sa‘faṣ qarashat thakhadh ḍaẓagh. Another vocalization is: ’abujadin hawazin ḥuṭiya kalman sa‘faṣ qurishat thakhudh ḍaẓugh Another ’abjadī sequence (probably older, now mainly confined to the Maghreb), is:[2] ش غ ظ ذ خ ث ت س ر ق ض ف ع ص ن م ل ك ي ط ح ز و ه د ج ب أ sh gh ẓ dh kh th t s r q ḍ f ‘ ṣ n m l k y ṭ ḥ z w h d j b ’ which can be vocalized as: ’abujadin hawazin ḥuṭiya kalman ṣa‘faḍ qurisat thakhudh ẓaghush Modern dictionaries and other reference books do not use the ’abjadī order to sort alphabetically; instead, the newer hijā’ī order (with letters partially grouped together by similarity of shape) is used: ي و ه ن م ل ك ق ف غ ع ظ ط ض ص ش س ز ر ذ د خ ح ج ث ت ب أ y w h n m l k q f gh ‘ ẓ ṭ ḍ ṣ sh s z r dh d kh ḥ j th t b ’ Another kind of hijā’ī order used to be widely used in the Maghreb until recently when it was replaced by the Mashriqi order:[2] ي و ه ش س ق ف غ ع ض ص ن م ل ك ظ ط ز ر ذ د خ ح ج ث ت ب أ y w h sh s q f gh ‘ ḍ ṣ n m l k ẓ ṭ z r dh d kh ḥ j th t b ’ This section relies on references to primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject, rather than references from independent authors and third-party publications. Please add citations from reliable sources. (July 2011) Also another new sequence of the Arabic alphabet was put forward by a Saudi Arabian citizen, named Waleed Ahmad J. Addas who managed to combine all the Arabic letters of the alphabet into one single meaningful couplet and without repeating a single letter. This invention was endorsed by a number of local, regional and international language complexes. It reads as follows: ثق تعش ظل هدف حكَمٌ ذو صبرٍ سخيٍ ضَغطَ أَنجز [edit]

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Letter forms
3> Calligraphy Arabic Chinese Georgian Indian Japanese Korean Kufic Nepalese Persian Sini Tibetan Western Unlike cursive writing based on the Latin alphabet, the standard Arabic style is to have a substantially different shape depending on whether it will be connecting with a preceding and/or a succeeding letter, thus all primary letters have conditional forms (allographs), depending on whether they are at the beginning, middle or end of a word, so they may exhibit four distinct forms (initial, medial, final or isolated). However, six letters (و ز ر ذ د ا) have only an isolated or final form, and so force the following letter (if any) to take an initial or isolated form, as if there were a word break. For example, أرارات (Ararat) has only isolated forms, because each letter cannot be connected to its adjacent one. Some letters look almost the same in all four forms, while others show considerable variation. Generally, the initial and middle forms look similar except that in some letters the middle form starts with a short horizontal line on the right to ensure that it will connect with its preceding letter. The final and isolated forms, are also similar in appearance but the final form will also have a horizontal stroke on the right and, for some letters, a loop or longer line on the left with which to finish the word with a subtle ornamental flourish. In addition, some letter combinations are written as ligatures (special shapes), including lām-’alif.[3] [edit]

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Table of basic letters
4> For other uses, see Arabic script. Notes See the article Romanization of Arabic for details on various transliteration schemes; however, Arabic language speakers don't follow a standardized scheme when transcribing names. Also names are regularly transcribed as pronounced locally, not as pronounced in Literary Arabic (if they were of Arabic origin). Regarding pronunciation, the phonemic values given are those of the pronunciation of Literary Arabic, the standard which is taught in universities. In practice, pronunciation may vary considerably from region to region, because Literary Arabic isn't anyone's native language. For more details concerning the pronunciation of Arabic, consult the articles Arabic phonology and varieties of Arabic. The names of the Arabic letters can be thought of as abstractions of an older version where they were meaningful words in the Proto-Semitic language. Names of Arabic letters may have quite different names popularly, but they are not provided in the article. For example: ح ḥā’ is most commonly known in Egypt as: IPA: [ħɑ]; in Lebanon: IPA: [ħe].  ز has two Literary Arabic names: zayn/zāy and called by Egyptians: IPA: [zeːn]. Six letters (و ز ر ذ د ا) don't have a distinct medial form and have to be written with their final form without being connected to the next letter. Their initial form matches the isolated form. Arabic letters usage in Literary Arabic Name Translit. Value (IPA) Contextual forms Isolated End Middle Beginning ’alif ’ / ā various, including /aː/ [a] ـا ـا ا ا bā’ b /b/ (sometimes /p/ in loanwords)[b] ـب ـبـ بـ ب tā’ t /t/ ـت ـتـ تـ ت thā’ th (also ṯ) /θ/ ـث ـثـ ثـ ث jīm j (also ǧ, g) [d͡ʒ] ~ [ʒ] ~ [ɡ] [c] ـج ـجـ جـ ج ḥā’ ḥ /ħ/ ـح ـحـ حـ ح khā’ kh (also ḫ) /x/ ـخ ـخـ خـ خ dāl d /d/ ـد ـد د د dhāl dh (also ḏ) /ð/ ـذ ـذ ذ ذ rā’ r /r/ ـر ـر ر ر zayn / zāy z /z/ ـز ـز ز ز sīn s /s/ ـس ـسـ سـ س shīn sh (also š) /ʃ/ ـش ـشـ شـ ش ṣād ṣ /sˤ/ ـص ـصـ صـ ص ḍād ḍ /dˤ/ ـض ـضـ ضـ ض ṭā’ ṭ /tˤ/ ـط ـطـ طـ ط ẓā’ ẓ [ðˤ] ~ [zˤ] ـظ ـظـ ظـ ظ ‘ayn ‘ /ʕ/ ـع ـعـ عـ ع ghayn gh (also ġ) /ɣ/ (sometimes /ɡ/ in loanwords)[c] ـغ ـغـ غـ غ fā’ f /sometimes/ (sometimes /v/ in loanwords)[b] ـف ـفـ فـ ف [d] qāf q /q/ (sometimes /ɡ/ in loanwords)[c] ـق ـقـ قـ ق [d] kāf k /k/ (sometimes /ɡ/ in loanwords)[c] ـك ـكـ كـ ك lām l /l/ ـل ـلـ لـ ل mīm m /m/ ـم ـمـ مـ م nūn n /n/ ـن ـنـ نـ ن hā’ h /h/ ـه ـهـ هـ ه wāw w / ū / aw /w/, /uː/, /aw/, sometimes /u/, /o/, and /oː/ in loanwords ـو ـو و و yā’ y / ī / ay /j/, /iː/, /aj/, sometimes /i/, /e/, and /eː/ in loanwords ـي ـيـ يـ ي [e] ^a ’Alif can represent many phonemes in Literary Arabic: Without diacritics: ا initially: a, i   /a, i/ or sometimes silent in the definite article ال (a)l- medially or finally: ā   /aː/. ’Alif with hamzah above: أ initially: ’a, ’u   /ʔa, ʔu/ medially or finally: ’a   /ʔa/. ’Alif with hamzah under: إ initially: ’i   /ʔi/; doesn't appear medially or finally (see hamza). ’Alif with maddah:آ initially, medially or finally: ’ā   /ʔaː/. ^b /p/ and /v/ can be represented by پ and ڤ‎/ڥ‎ or if unavailable, ب and ف‎/ڢ‎ are used, respectively. ^c For Arabic language speakers, the phoneme /ɡ/ can be represented using different letters, depending on local dialects. ج is normally used in Egypt, also sometimes Yemen and Oman. ق is used where it represents the [ɡ] in local dialects. ك or غ are used where /ɡ/ doesn't exist in local dialects. Other letters such as گ,‎ ݣ‎ or ڨ‎ may also be used, but are not regarded as standard Arabic letters. Likewise, where ج represents [ɡ], it can be also used for /ʒ/~/d͡ʒ/, or the letter چ can be used in Egypt. ^d Fā’ and qāf are traditionally written in northwestern Africa as ڢ‎ and ڧـ ـڧـ ـٯ‎, respectively, while the latter's dot is only added initially or medially. ^e Yā’ in the isolated and the final forms in handwriting and print in Egypt, Sudan and sometimes other places, is always undotted ى, making it only contextually distinguishable from ’alif maqṣūrah. See also Additional letters below. [edit]

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Further notes
4> The letter ’alif originated in the Phoenician alphabet as a consonant-sign indicating the glottal stop [ʔ]. Today it has lost its function as a consonant, and, together with ya’ and wāw, is a mater lectionis, a consonant sign standing in for a long vowel (see below), or as support for certain diacritics (maddah and hamzah). The shape of the final yā’ is always undotted ى in both print and handwriting in Egypt and Sudan, mainly. Arabic currently uses a diacritic sign, ﺀ, called hamzah, to denote the glottal stop, written alone or with a carrier: alone: ء ; with a carrier: إ أ (above or under a ’alif), ؤ (above a wāw), ئ (above a dotless yā’ or yā’ hamzah). Letters lacking an initial or medial version are never linked to the letter that follows, even within a word. The hamzah has a single form, since it is never linked to a preceding or following letter. However, it is sometimes combined with a wāw, yā’, or ’alif, and in that case the carrier behaves like an ordinary wāw, yā’, or ’alif. In academic work, the glottal stop [ʔ] is transliterated with the right half ring sign (’), while the left half ring sign (‘) represents a different letter, with a different pronunciation, called ‘ayin, corresponding to ع ‘ayn in Arabic letters. [edit]

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Modified letters
4> The following are not individual letters, but rather different contextual variants of some of the Arabic letters. Conditional forms Name Translit. Phonemic Value (IPA) Isolated Final Medial Initial آ ـآ ـآ آ ’alif maddah ’ā /ʔaː/ ة ـة tā’ marbūṭah h or t / h / ẗ /a/, /at/ ى ـى ’alif maqṣūrah[4] ā / ỳ /aː/ [edit]

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Ligatures
4> This section requires expansion with: further examples and context. Components of a ligature for "Allah": 1. alif 2. hamzat

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