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| History | |
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Main article: History of the Arab League
Following adoption of the Alexandria Protocol in 1944, the Arab League was founded on 22 March 1945. It aimed to be a regional organisation of Arab states with a focus to developing the economy, resolving disputes, and coordinating political aims.[5] Other countries joined the league at later dates.[6] Each country was given one vote in the council. The first major action was the joint intervention, allegedly on behalf of the majority Arab population that was being uprooted as the State of Israel emerged in 1948 (and in response to popular outcry in the Arab world), although in fact a main participant in this intervention, Transjordan, had agreed with the Israelis to divide up the Arab Palestinian state proposed by the UN General Assembly, while Egypt intervened primarily to prevent its rival in Amman from accomplishing its objective.[7] This was followed by the creation of a mutual defense treaty two years later. A common market was established in 1965.[5] (Robert W. MacDonald, The League of Arab States: A Study in Regional Organization. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1965.)
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| Geography | |
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Administrative divisions in the Arab League
Main article: Geography of the Arab League
The area of members of the Arab League covers around 13,000,000 km2 (5,000,000 sq mi) and straddles two continents: Africa, and Asia. The area consists of large arid deserts, namely the Sahara. Nevertheless, it also contains several very fertile lands, such as the Nile Valley, the High Atlas Mountains, and the Fertile Crescent which stretches from Iraq over Syria, and Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine. The area comprises deep forests in southern Arabia, as well as parts of the world's longest river, the Nile.
The area witnessed the rise of many ancient civilizations: Ancient Egypt, Ancient Israel and Judah, Assyria, Babylon, Phoenicia, Carthage, Kush, Ancient Somalia and the Nabateans, among others.
Main article: Life in the Arab League
Tags:Iraq,Lebanon,Syria,Africa,Asia,Sahara,Nile Valley,Atlas Mountains,Fertile Crescent,Palestine,Arabia,Nile,Ancient Egypt,Ancient Israel And Judah,Assyria,Babylon,Phoenicia,Carthage,Kush,Nabateans, | |
| Member states | |
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Main article: Member states of the Arab League
See also: Enlargement of the Arab League
Joining dates of member states; the Comoros (circled) joined in 1993.
1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s
The Arab League was founded in Cairo in 1945 by seven countries. There was a continual increase in membership during the second half of the 20th century, with additional 15 Arab states being admitted, with a current total of 21 member states due to Syria's suspension following the 2011 uprising.
On 22 February 2011, following the start of the 2011 Libyan civil war and the use of military force against civilians, the Arab League Secretary General, Amr Moussa, stated that Libya's membership in the Arab League had been suspended: "the organisation has decided to halt the participation of the Libyan delegations from all Arab League sessions".[8] This makes Libya the second country in the League's history to have a frozen membership. Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi declared that the League was illegitimate, saying, "The Arab League is finished. There is no such thing as the Arab League".[9][10] On 25 August 2011, Secretary General Nabil Elaraby announced it was "about time" Libya's full member status was restored. The National Transitional Council, the partially recognised interim government of Libya, will send a representative to be seated at the Arab League meeting on 17 August to participate in a discussion as to whether to readmit Libya to the organisation.[11]
The Arab Parliament recommended the suspension of member states Syria and Yemen on 20 September 2011, over persistent reports of disproportionate violence against regime opponents and activists during the Arab Spring.[12] A vote on 12 November agreed to formally suspend Syria four days after the vote, giving Assad a last chance to avoid suspension. Syria, Lebanon, and Yemen voted against the motion, while Iraq abstained.[13]
Tags:Cairo,Arab Parliament,Yemen,2011 Libyan Civil War,Amr Moussa,Muammar Gaddafi,Nabil Elaraby,National Transitional Council,Arab Spring, | |
| Political policy and administration | |
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Headquarters of the Arab League in Cairo
Main articles: Government of the Arab League and Arab Parliament
The Charter of the Arab League[2] endorsed the principle of an Arab homeland while respecting the sovereignty of the individual member states. The internal regulations of the Council of the League[14] and the committees[15] were agreed in October 1951. Those of the Secretariat-General were agreed in May 1953.[16]
Since then, governance of the Arab League has been based on the duality of supra-national institutions and the sovereignty of the member states. Preservation of individual statehood derived its strengths from the natural preference of ruling elites to maintain their power and independence in decision making. Moreover, the fear of the richer that the poorer may share their wealth in the name of Arab nationalism, the feuds among Arab rulers, and the influence of external powers that might oppose Arab unity can be seen as obstacles towards a deeper integration of the league.
Mindful of their previous announcements in support of the Arabs of Palestine the framers of the Pact were determined to include them within the League from its inauguration.[17] This was done by means of an annex that declared:[2]
“
Even though Palestine was not able to control her own destiny, it was on the basis of the recognition of her independence that the Covenant of the League of Nations determined a system of government for her. Her existence and her independence among the nations can, therefore, no more be questioned de jure than the independence of any of the other Arab States. [...] Therefore, the States signatory to the Pact of the Arab League consider that in view of Palestine's special circumstances, the Council of the League should designate an Arab delegate from Palestine to participate in its work until this country enjoys actual independence
”
At the Cairo Summit of 1964, the Arab League initiated the creation of an organisation representing the Palestinian people. The first Palestinian National Council convened in East Jerusalem on 29 May 1964. The Palestinian Liberation Organization was founded during this meeting on 2 June 1964. Today, Palestine is a full member of the Arab League and is represented by the Palestine Liberation Organization.
At the Beirut Summit on 28 March 2002, the league adopted the Arab Peace Initiative,[18] a Saudi-inspired peace plan for the Arab–Israeli conflict. The initiative offered full normalisation of the relations with Israel. In exchange, Israel was required to withdraw from all occupied territories, including the Golan Heights, to recognise Palestinian independence in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, with East Jerusalem as its capital, as well as a "just solution" for the Palestinian refugees. The Peace Initiative was again endorsed at 2007 in the Riyadh Summit. In July 2007, the Arab League sent a mission, consisting of the Jordanian and Egyptian foreign ministers, to Israel to promote the initiative. Following Venezuela's move to expel Israeli diplomats amid the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict, Kuwaiti member of parliament Waleed al-Tabtabai proposed moving Arab League headquarters Caracas, Venezuela.[19]On 13 June 2010, Amr Mohammed Moussa, Secretary-General of the Arab League visited the Gaza Strip, the first by an official of the Arab League since the election of Hamas in 2007.
Tags:Arab Homeland,Sovereignty,Arab Nationalism,Feuds Among Arab Rulers,Palestinian National Council,East Jerusalem,Palestinian Liberation Organization,Beirut Summit,Arab Peace Initiative,Arab–israeli Conflict, | |
| Summits | |
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Cairo: 13–17 January 1964.
Alexandria: 5–11 September 1964.
Casablanca: 13–17 September 1965.
Khartoum: 29 August 1967.
Rabat: 21–23 December 1969.
Cairo (first emergency summit): 21–27 September 1970
Algiers: 26–28 November.1973.
Rabat: 29 October 1974.
Riyadh (2nd emergency summit): 17–28 October 1976.
Cairo: 25–26 October 1976.
Baghdad: 2–5 November.1978.
Tunis: 20–22 November 1979.
Amman: 21–22 November 1980.
Fes: 6–9 September 1982.
Casablanca (3rd emergency summit): 7–9 September 1985
Amman (4th emergency summit): 8–12 November 1987.
Algiers (5th emergency summit): 7–9 June 1988.
Casablanca (6th emergency summit): 23–26 June 1989.
Baghdad (7th emergency summit): 28–30 March 1990.
Cairo (8th emergency summit): 9–10 August 1990
Cairo (9th emergency summit): 22–23 June 1996.
Cairo (10th emergency summit): 21–22 October 2000.
Amman: 27–28 March 2001.
Beirut: 27–28 March 2002.
Sharm el-Sheikh: 1 March 2003.
Tunis: 22–23 May 2004.
Algiers: 22–23 March 2005.
Khartoum: 28–30 March 2006.
Riyadh: 27–28 March 2007.
Damascus: 29–30 March 2008.
Doha: 28–30 March 2009.
Sirte: 27–28 March 2010.
Baghdad: Postponed to March 2012.
Two summits are not added to the system of Arab League summits:
Anshas, Egypt: 28–29 May 1946
Beirut, Lebanon: 13 – 15 November 1958
Summit 14 in Fes, Morocco, occurred in two stages:
On 25 November 1981: The 5-hours meeting ended without an agreed on document.
On 6–9 September 1982
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| Economic resources | |
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Main article: Economy of the Arab League
See also: List of countries by GDP (PPP) and List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita
The Arab League is rich in resources, with enormous oil and natural gas resources in certain member states; it also has great fertile lands in southern Sudan, usually referred to as the food basket of the Arab World. Another industry that is growing steadily in the Arab League is telecommunications. Within less than a decade, local companies such as Orascom, and Etisalat have managed to compete internationally.
Economic achievements initiated by the League amongst member states have been less impressive than those achieved by smaller Arab organisations such as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). [20] Among them is the Arab Gas Pipeline, that will transport Egyptian and Iraqi gas to Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Turkey. Significant difference in wealth and economic conditions exist between the rich oil states of the UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, and Algeria, and poor countries like the Comoros, Mauritania, and Djibouti. The Arab League agreed to support the Sudanese region of Darfur with US$500 million.
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| Literacy in Arab league countries | |
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Arab League map indicating literacy by country (2010 Human Development Report) Grey = no data
Main article: List of countries by literacy rate
In collecting literacy data, many countries estimate the number of literate people based on self-reported data. Some use educational attainment data as a proxy, but measures of school attendance or grade completion may differ. Because definitions and data collection methods vary across countries, literacy estimates should be used with caution. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2010.
Rank
Country
Literacy rate
1
Lebanon
98.6[21]
2
Kuwait
94.5[22]
3
Palestinian Authority
94.1[21]
4
Qatar
93.1[23]
5
Jordan
92.2[22]
6
Bahrain
90.8[23]
7
United Arab Emirates
90.0[23]
8
Libya
88.4[22]
9
Oman
86.7[21]
10
Saudi Arabia
85.5[22]
11
Syria
83.6[24]
12
Tunisia
78[22]
13
Iraq
77.6[21]
14
Comoros
73.6[24]
15
Algeria
72.6[22]
16
Sudan
69.3[21]
17
Djibouti
67.9[25]
18
Egypt
66.4[24]
19
Yemen
60.9[24]
20
Mauritania
56.8[24]
21
Morocco
71[24]
22
Somalia
51.6[24]
Tags:Saudi Arabia, | |
| Demographics of Arab League countries | |
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Main article: Demographics of the Arab League
The Arab League is a culturally and ethnically diverse association of 22 member states, although the overwhelming majority of the League's population identifies as Arab (either on a cultural basis, or on an ethno-racial basis). As of 1 January 2007, about 340,000,000 people live in the states of the Arab League. Its population grows faster than in most other global regions. The most populous member state is Egypt, with a population of about 81 million.[26] The least populated is the Comoros, with over 0.6 million inhabitants.
Rank
Country
Population
Density (/km2)
Density (sq mi)
Notes
1
Egypt
85,436,072
81
210
[27]
2
Algeria
34,895,000
15
39
[28]
3
Morocco
32,287,474
73
189
[29]
4
Sudan
31,894,000
17
44
[30]
5
Iraq
30,747,000
70
181
[28]
6
Saudi Arabia
28,146,658
12
31
[28]
7
Yemen
23,580,000
45
117
[28]
8
Syria
21,906,000
118
306
[28]
9
Tunisia
10,327,800
63
163
[31]
10
Somalia
9,133,000
14
36
[28]
11
United Arab Emirates
8,264,070
99
256
[32]
12
Libya
6,420,000
3.6
9.3
[28]
13
Jordan
6,316,000
71
184
[28]
14
Lebanon
4,224,000
404
1,046
[28]
15
Palestinian Authority
4,100,000
681
1,764
[33]
16
Kuwait
3,566,437
200
518
[28]
17
Mauritania
3,291,000
3.2
8.3
[28]
18
Oman
2,845,000
9.2
24
[28]
19
Qatar
1,409,000
128
332
[28]
20
Bahrain
1,234,596
1,646
4,263
[34]
21
Djibouti
864,000
37
96
[28]
22
Comoros
676,000
302
782
[28]
Total
Arab League
346,563,107
26.3
68.1
Religions
Muslims
90%
Christians
6%
Others
4%
The vast majority of the Arab League's citizens are Muslim, with Christianity being the second largest religion. Over 20 million Christians live in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, the Palestinian Authority, Sudan and Syria.
Arab League population by sect following
N
Country
Islam
Christians
Others
1
Algeria
99%
0.5%
0.5%
2
Bahrain
81.2%
9%
8.81%
3
Comoros
99%
1%
n/a
4
Djibouti
94%
5%
1%
5
Egypt
83%
16%
1%
6
Iraq
95%
4.3%
0.7%
7
Jordan
93%
6%
1%
8
Kuwait
85%
10%
5%
9
Lebanon
52%
40%
8%
10
Libya
97%
0%
3%
11
Mauritania
100%
0%
0%
12
Morocco
98.7%
1%
0.3%
13
Oman
92.5%
5%
2.5%
14
Palestinian Authority
92%
8%
-
15
Qatar
77.6%
11%
11.4%
16
Saudi Arabia
100%
0%
0%
17
Somalia
99%
1%
0%
18
Sudan
97%
3%
0.001%
19
Syria
82%
12%
6%
20
Tunisia
98%
1%
1%
21
United Arab Emirates
76%
9%
15%
22
Yemen
99%
0.2%
0.8%
Arab League
90%
6%
4%
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| Jurisdiction | |
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Rank
Country
Area (km2)[Note 1]
Area (sq mi)
% of Total
Notes
1
Algeria
2,381,741
919,595
18.1%
Largest country in Africa and in the Arab world.
2
Saudi Arabia
2,149,690
830,000
16.4%
Largest country in the Middle East.
3
Sudan
1,886,068
728,215
14.2%
Formerly the largest country in Africa.
4
Libya
1,759,540
679,360
11.4%
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