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| Etymology and terminology | |
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For more information, see Anarchist terminology.
The term anarchism derives from the Greek ἄναρχος, anarchos, meaning "without rulers",[32][33] from the prefix ἀν- (an-, "without") + ἀρχή (archê, "sovereignty, realm, magistracy")[34] + -ισμός (-ismos, from the suffix -ιζειν, -izein "-izing"). There is some ambiguity with the use of the terms "libertarianism" and "libertarian" in writings about anarchism. Since the 1890s from France,[35] the term "libertarianism" has often been used as a synonym for anarchism[36] and was used almost exclusively in this sense until the 1950s in the United States;[37] its use as a synonym is still common outside the United States.[38] Accordingly, "libertarian socialism" is sometimes used as a synonym for socialist anarchism,[39][40] to distinguish it from "individualist libertarianism" (individualist anarchism). On the other hand, some use "libertarianism" to refer to individualistic free-market philosophy only, referring to free-market anarchism as "libertarian anarchism".[41][42]
[edit] Tags:Individualist,Social,Terminology,France,United States,Libertarianism,Libertarian Socialism,Socialist,Anarchism ,State,Individualist Anarchism,Edit,Anarchist Terminology,Anarchism,Greek,Suffix,Socialist Anarchism,Libertarian Anarchism,Libertarian, | |
| Origins | |
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William Godwin, "the first to formulate the political and economical conceptions of anarchism, even though he did not give that name to the ideas developed in his work".[43]
The earliest[44] anarchist themes can be found in the 6th century BC, among the works of Taoist philosopher Laozi,[43] and in later centuries by Zhuangzi and Bao Jingyan.[45] Zhuangzi's philosophy has been described by various sources as anarchist[46][47][48][49][50] Zhuangzi wrote, "A petty thief is put in jail. A great brigand becomes a ruler of a Nation."[51] Diogenes of Sinope and the Cynics, their contemporary Zeno of Citium, the founder of Stoicism, also introduced similar topics.[43][52] Jesus is sometimes considered the first anarchist in the Christian anarchist tradition. Georges Lechartier wrote that "The true founder of anarchy was Jesus Christ and ... the first anarchist society was that of the apostles."[53] Such a distinction reverberates subversive religious conceptions like the aforementioned seemingly anarchistic Taoist teachings and that of other anti-authoritarian religious traditions creating a complex relationship regarding the question as to whether or not anarchism and religion are compatible. This is exemplified when the glorification of the state is viewed as a form of sinful idolatry.[54][55]
The radical Protestant christian Gerrard Winstanley and his group the Diggers are cited by various authors as proposing anarchist social measures in the 17th century in England.[56][57][58] The term "anarchist" first entered the English language in 1642, during the English Civil War, as a term of abuse, used by Royalists against their Roundhead opponents.[59] By the time of the French Revolution some, such as the Enragés, began to use the term positively,[60] in opposition to Jacobin centralisation of power, seeing "revolutionary government" as oxymoronic.[59] By the turn of the 19th century, the English word "anarchism" had lost its initial negative connotation.[59]
Modern anarchism sprang from the secular or religious thought of the Enlightenment, particularly Jean-Jacques Rousseau's arguments for the moral centrality of freedom.[61] From this climate William Godwin developed what many consider the first expression of modern anarchist thought.[62] Godwin was, according to Peter Kropotkin, "the first to formulate the political and economical conceptions of anarchism, even though he did not give that name to the ideas developed in his work",[43] while Godwin attached his anarchist ideas to an early Edmund Burke.[63] Benjamin Tucker instead credits Josiah Warren, an American who promoted stateless and voluntary communities where all goods and services were private, with being "the first man to expound and formulate the doctrine now known as Anarchism."[64] The first to describe himself as an anarchist was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon,[59] a French philosopher and politician, which led some to call him the founder of modern anarchist theory.[65]
The anarcho-communist Joseph Déjacque was the first person to describe himself as "libertarian".[66] Unlike Proudhon, he argued that, "it is not the product of his or her labor that the worker has a right to, but to the satisfaction of his or her needs, whatever may be their nature."[67]
[edit] Tags:Christian,Communist,Theory,Anarchy,Revolution,William Godwin,Josiah Warren,Pierre-joseph Proudhon,Peter Kropotkin,Benjamin Tucker,Religion,England,Lists,Communities,Joseph Déjacque,Taoist,Laozi,Zhuangzi,Brigand,Diogenes Of Sinope,Cynics,Zeno Of Citium,Stoicism, | |
| The First International | |
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Main article: International Workingmen's Association
Collectivist anarchist Mikhail Bakunin opposed the Marxist aim of dictatorship of the proletariat in favour of universal rebellion, and allied himself with the federalists in the First International before his expulsion by the Marxists.[59]
In Europe, harsh reaction followed the revolutions of 1848, during which ten countries had experienced brief or long-term social upheaval as groups carried out nationalist uprisings. After most of these attempts at systematic change ended in failure, conservative elements took advantage of the divided groups of socialists, anarchists, liberals, and nationalists, to prevent further revolt.[68] In 1864 the International Workingmen's Association (sometimes called the "First International") united diverse revolutionary currents including French followers of Proudhon,[69] Blanquists, Philadelphes, English trade unionists, socialists and social democrats.
Due to its links to active workers' movements, the International became a significant organization. Karl Marx became a leading figure in the International and a member of its General Council. Proudhon's followers, the mutualists, opposed Marx's state socialism, advocating political abstentionism and small property holdings.[70][71]
In 1868, following their unsuccessful participation in the League of Peace and Freedom (LPF), Russian revolutionary Mikhail Bakunin and his collectivist anarchist associates joined the First International (which had decided not to get involved with the LPF).[72] They allied themselves with the federalist socialist sections of the International,[73] who advocated the revolutionary overthrow of the state and the collectivization of property.
At first, the collectivists worked with the Marxists to push the First International in a more revolutionary socialist direction. Subsequently, the International became polarised into two camps, with Marx and Bakunin as their respective figureheads.[74] Bakunin characterised Marx's ideas as centralist and predicted that, if a Marxist party came to power, its leaders would simply take the place of the ruling class they had fought against.[75][76]
In 1872, the conflict climaxed with a final split between the two groups at the Hague Congress, where Bakunin and James Guillaume were expelled from the International and its headquarters were transferred to New York. In response, the federalist sections formed their own International at the St. Imier Congress, adopting a revolutionary anarchist program.[77]
[edit] Tags:Collectivist,Mutualist,National,Mikhail Bakunin,Hague Congress,Russia,Property,Socialists, | |
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