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| History | |
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Main article: The breeding of strawberries
This section requires expansion.
The first garden strawberry was grown in France during the late 18th century.[4] Prior to this wild strawberries and cultivated selections from wild strawberry species were the common source for the fruit.
[edit] Tags:France,The Breeding Of Strawberries, | |
| Cultivation | |
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Fragaria × ananassa 'Gariguette,' a cultivar grown in southern France
Strawberry cultivars vary widely in size, color, flavor, shape, degree of fertility, season of ripening, liability to disease and constitution of plant.[5] Some vary in foliage, and some vary materially in the relative development of their sexual organs. In most cases, the flowers appear hermaphroditic in structure, but function as either male or female.[6] For purposes of commercial production, plants are propagated from runners (stolons) and, in general, distributed as either bare root plants or plugs. Cultivation follows one of two general models, annual plasticulture[7] or a perennial system of matted rows or mounds.[8] A small amount of strawberries are also produced in greenhouses during the off season.[9]
A garden using the plasticulture method
The bulk of modern commercial production uses the plasticulture system. In this method, raised beds are formed each year, fumigated, and covered with plastic to prevent weed growth and erosion. Plants, usually obtained from northern nurseries, are planted through holes punched in this covering, and irrigation tubing is run underneath. Runners are removed from the plants as they appear, in order to encourage the plants to put most of their energy into fruit development. At the end of the harvest season, the plastic is removed and the plants are plowed into the ground.[7][10] Because strawberry plants more than a year or two old begin to decline in productivity and fruit quality, this system of replacing the plants each year allows for improved yields and denser plantings.[7][10] However, because it requires a longer growing season to allow for establishment of the plants each year, and because of the increased costs in terms of forming and covering the mounds and purchasing plants each year, it is not always practical in all areas.[10]
The other major method, which uses the same plants from year to year growing in rows or on mounds, is most common in colder climates.[7][8] It has lower investment costs, and lower overall maintenance requirements.[8] Yields are typically lower than in plasticulture.[8]
A third method uses a compost sock. Plants grown in compost socks have been shown to produce significantly higher oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), flavonoids, anthocyanins, fructose, glucose, sucrose, malic acid, and citric acid than fruit produced in the black plastic mulch or matted row systems.[11] Similar results in an earlier 2003 study conducted by the US Dept of Agriculture, at the Agricultural Research Service, in Beltsville Maryland, confirms how compost plays a role in the bioactive qualities of two strawberry cultivars.[12]
Strawberries are often grouped according to their flowering habit.[5][13] Traditionally, this has consisted of a division between "June-bearing" strawberries, which bear their fruit in the early summer and "ever-bearing" strawberries, which often bear several crops of fruit throughout the season.[13] Research has shown recently[when?] that strawberries actually occur in three basic flowering habits: short-day, long-day, and day-neutral. These refer to the day-length sensitivity of the plant and the type of photoperiod that induces flower formation. Day-neutral cultivars produce flowers regardless of the photoperiod.[14]
Strawberries may also be propagated by seed, though this is primarily a hobby activity, and is not widely practiced commercially. A few seed-propagated cultivars have been developed for home use, and research into growing from seed commercially is ongoing.[15] Seeds (achenes) are acquired either via commercial seed suppliers, or by collecting and saving them from the fruit.
Strawberries can also be grown indoors in strawberry pots.
Kashubian strawberry (truskawka kaszubska or kaszëbskô malëna)[16] is produced in Kartuzy, Kościerzyna and Bytów counties and in the municipalities of Przywidz, Wejherowo, Luzino, Szemud, Linia, Łęczyce and Cewice in Kashubia. Only the following varieties may be sold as kaszëbskô malëna: Senga Sengana, Elsanta, Honeoye that have been graded as Extra or Class I.
[edit] Tags:Fragaria,Cultivars,Achene,Hermaphroditic,Stolons,Plasticulture,Fumigated,Flavonoids,Photoperiod,Kartuzy,Kościerzyna,Bytów,Przywidz,Wejherowo,Luzino,Szemud,Linia,Łęczyce,Cewice,Kashubia,Energy,Ash, | |
| Manuring and harvesting | |
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Harvest
Most strawberry plants are now fed with artificial fertilizers, both before and after harvesting, and often before planting in plasticulture.[17]
The harvesting and cleaning process has not changed substantially over time. The delicate strawberries are still harvested by hand.[18] Grading and packing often occurs in the field, rather than in a processing facility.[18] In large operations, strawberries are cleaned by means of water streams and shaking conveyor belts.[19]
[edit] Tags:Water, | |
| Pests | |
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Around 200 species of pests are known to attack strawberries both directly and indirectly.[20] These pests include slugs, moths, fruit flies, chafers, strawberry root weevils, strawberry thrips, strawberry sap beetles, strawberry crown moth, mites, aphids, and others.[20][21]
The caterpillars of a number of species of Lepidoptera feed on strawberry plants; for details see this list.
[edit] Tags:Slugs,Moths,Mites,Aphids, | |
| Diseases | |
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See also: List of strawberry diseases
Strawberry plants can fall victim to a number of diseases.[22] The leaves may be infected by powdery mildew, leaf spot (caused by the fungus Sphaerella fragariae), leaf blight (caused by the fungus Phomopsis obscurans), and by a variety of slime molds.[22] The crown and roots may fall victim to red stele, verticillium wilt, black root rot, and nematodes.[22] The fruits are subject to damage from gray mold, rhizopus rot, and leather rot.[22] The plants can also develop disease from temperature extremes during winter.[22] When watering your strawberries, be sure to water only the roots and not the leaves, as moisture on the leaves encourages growth of fungus.[citation needed] Ensure that the strawberries are grown in an open area to prevent fungal disease from occurring.[citation needed]
[edit] Tags:Powdery Mildew,Leaf Spot,Leaf Blight,Phomopsis Obscurans,Slime Molds,Verticillium,Black Root Rot,Nematodes,Gray Mold,Rhizopus, | |
| Production trends | |
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Fragaria × ananassa 'Chandler,' a short-day commercial cultivar grown in California
World strawberry production in tonnes[23]
Country
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
USA
1,090,440
1,109,220
1,148,530
1,270,620
1,292,780
Turkey
211,127
250,316
261,078
291,996
299,940
Spain
330,485
269,139
281,240
263,700
275,300
Egypt
128,349
174,414
200,254
242,776
238,432
Korea, South
205,307
203,227
192,296
203,772
231,803
Mexico
191,843
176,396
207,485
233,041
226,657
Japan
190,700
191,400
190,700
184,700
177,500
Poland
193,666
174,578
200,723
198,907
176,748
Germany
173,230
158,658
150,854
158,563
166,911
Russia
227,000
230,400
180,000
185,000
165,000
Italy
143,315
160,558
155,583
163,044
153,875
Morocco
112,000
120,000
130,000
355,020
140,600
Total world
3,973,243
4,001,721
4,136,802
4,596,614
4,366,889
[edit] Tags:Usa,Turkey,Spain,Egypt,Korea, South,Mexico,Japan,Poland,Germany,Russia,Italy,Morocco,Total World, | |
| Agronomy | |
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A diorama created from beeswax by Dr. Henry Brainerd Wright at the Louisiana State Exhibit Museum in Shreveport, Louisiana depicts strawberry harvesting. Strawberries are particularly grown in the southeastern portion of the state around Hammond.
Strawberries are an easy plant to grow, and can be grown almost anywhere in the world. The best time to plant is in early to middle spring. Place the plant preferably in full sun, and in somewhat sandy soil. Strawberries are a strong plant that will survive many conditions, but, during the time that the plant is forming fruit, it is important for it to get enough water. Strawberries can also be grown as a potted plant, and will still produce fruit.
A strawberry plant will send out shoots in an attempt to propagate a new plant, and, if left alone, it will be successful in doing so, but this shoot can be cut off, and placed wherever you wish to start a new plant.
[edit] Tags:Diorama,Louisiana State Exhibit Museum, | |
| Uses | |
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In addition to being consumed fresh, strawberries can be frozen, made into preserves, as well as dried and used in prepared foods, such as cereal bars. Strawberries are a popular addition to dairy products, as in strawberry-flavored milk, ice cream, milkshakes, smoothies, and yogurts. Strawberries and cream is a popular dessert, famously consumed at Wimbledon. Depending on area, strawberry pie, strawberry rhubarb pie, or strawberry shortcake are also popular. In Greece, strawberries are usually sprinkled with sugar and then dipped in Metaxa, a famous brandy, and served as a dessert.
Strawberry pigment extract can be used as a natural acid/base indicator due to the different color of the conjugate acid and conjugate base of the pigment.[24]
Strawberries contain fisetin, an antioxidant that has been studied in relation to Alzheimer's disease and to kidney failure resulting from diabetes.[25]
[edit] Tags:Preserves,Cream,Dessert,Wimbledon,Greece,Sugar,Metaxa,Fisetin, | |
| Nutrition | |
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One cup (144 g) of strawberries contains approximately 45 calories (188 kJ) and is an excellent source of vitamin C and flavonoids.[26][27][28]
Category
Nutrient
Units
1 cup (144 g) whole
Proximates
Water
g
132
Energy
kcal
43
Energy
kJ
181
Protein
g
0.88
Total lipid (fat)
0.53
Carbohydrate, by difference
10.1
Fiber, total dietary
3.3
Ash
0.62
Minerals
Calcium
mg
20
Iron
0.55
Magnesium
14
Phosphorus
27
Potassium
240
Sodium
1.44
Zinc
0.19
Copper
0.07
Manganese
0.42
Selenium
µg
1.01
Vitamins
Vitamin C, ascorbic acid
mg
82
Thiamin
0.03
Riboflavin
0.1
Niacin
0.33
Pantothenic acid
0.49
Vitamin B-6
0.09
Folate
µg
25
Vitamin B-12
µg
0
Vitamin A, IU
IU
39
Vitamin A, RE
µg RE
4.3
Vitamin E
mg ATE
0.20
Lipids
Fatty acids, saturated
g
0.03
16:0
0.02
18:0
0.006
Fatty acids, monounsaturated
0.075
16:1
0.001
18:1
0.073
Fatty acids, polyunsaturated
0.27
18:2
0.16
18:3
0.11
Cholesterol
mg
0
Phytosterols
17
Amino acids
Tryptophan
g
0.01
Threonine
0.027
Isoleucine
0.02
Leucine
0.045
Lysine
0.036
Methionine
0.001
Cystine
0.007
Phenylalanine
0.026
Tyrosine
0.030
Valine
0.026
Arginine
0.037
Histidine
0.017
Alanine
0.045
Aspartic acid
0.20
Glutamic acid
0.13
Glycine
0.035
Proline
0.027
Serine
0.033
[edit] Tags:Vitamin C, | |
| Allergy | |
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Some people experience an anaphylactoid reaction to the consumption of strawberries.[29] The most common form of this reaction is oral allergy syndrome, but symptoms may also mimic hay fever or include dermatitis or hives, and, in severe cases, may cause breathing problems. Some research suggests that the allergen may be tied to a protein involved in the ripening of fruits, which was named Fra a1 (Fragaria allergen1). Homologous proteins are found in birch and apple, which suggests that people may develop cross-reactivity to all three species.
Pineberries
White-fruited strawberry cultivars, lacking Fra a1, may be an option for strawberry allergy sufferers. Since they lack a protein necessary for normal ripening, they do not produce the flavonoids that turn the mature berries of other cultivars red. They ripen but remain white, pale yellow or "golden", appearing like immature berries; this also has the advantage of making them less attractive to birds. A virtually allergen-free cultivar named 'Sofar' is available.[30][31]
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| Chemistry | |
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Garden strawberries contains the dimeric ellagitannin agrimoniin which is an isomer of sanguiin H-6.[32][33]
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| See also | |
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California Strawberry Commission
Fragaria vesca (alpine strawberry)
Fraise Tagada (strawberry-shaped candy popular in France)
List of strawberry cultivars
Musk Strawberry (hautbois strawberry)
Plant City, Florida (winter strawberry capital of the world)
[edit] Tags: | |
| References | |
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^ "Strawberry, The Maiden With Runners". Botgard.ucla.edu. http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Fragaria/index.html. Retrieved 2009-12-05.
^ "Strawberries by Martin Welsh, history, variety and cultivation of strawberries". Nvsuk.org.uk. http://www.nvsuk.org.uk/growing_show_vegetables_1/strawberry.php. Retrieved 2009-12-05.
^ a b c Esau, K. 1977. Anatomy of seed plants. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
^ "Strawberries by Martin Welsh, history, variety and cultivation of strawberries". Nvsuk.org.uk. http://www.nvsuk.org.uk/growing_show_vegetables_1/strawberry.php. Retrieved 2009-12-05.
^ a b "G6135 Home Fruit Production: Strawberry Cultivars and Their Culture | University of Missouri Extension". Extension.missouri.edu. http://extension.missouri.edu/publications/DisplayPub.aspx?P=G6135. Retrieved 2009-12-05.
^ Strawberry Growing, Stevenson Whitcomb Fletcher, The Macmillan Co., New York, 1917. Google Books
^ a b c d "Strawberry Plasticulture Offers Sweet Rewards". Ag.ohio-state.edu. 2002-06-28. http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~news/story.php?id=2126. Retrieved 2009-12-05.
^ a b c d Newenglandvfc.org
^ "Pritts Greenhouse Berried Treasures". Hort.cornell.edu. http://www.hort.cornell.edu/department/faculty/pritts/grnhouse.html. Retrieved 2009-12-05.
^ a b c "Strawberry Fields Forever". Noble.org. http://www.noble.org/Ag/Horticulture/StrawberryFields/index.html. Retrieved 2009-12-05.
^ Wang SW., Millner P. (November 2009). "Effect of Different Cultural Systems on Antioxidant Capacity, Phenolic Content, and Fruit Quality of Strawberries (Fragaria × aranassa Duch.)". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (ACS Publications) 57 (20): 9651–9657. doi:10.1021/jf9020575. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf9020575.
^ Wang SY, Lin HS (November 2003). "Compost as a soil supplement increases the level of antioxidant compounds and oxygen radical absorbance capacity in strawberries". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51 (23): 6844–50. doi:10.1021/jf030196x. PMID 14582984.
^ a b "Proper Cultivation Yields Strawberry Fields Forever". Larrysagers.com. 1992-04-15. http://www.larrysagers.com/weeklyarticles/proper_cultivation_yields_strawberry_fields_forever_92-04-15.html. Retrieved 2009-12-05. [dead link]
^ S. C. Hokanson, J. L. Maas, 2001. Strawberry biotechnology, Plant Breeding Reviews 21:139–179
^ "Journal Article". SpringerLink. http://www.springerlink.com/content/h7836v248q76740r/. Retrieved 2009-12-05.
^ eur-lex
^ "HS1116/HS370: Nitrogen Fertilization of Strawberry Cultivars: Is Preplant Starter Fertilizer Needed?". Edis.ifas.ufl.edu. 2007-08-06. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/document_hs370. Retrieved 2009-12-05.
^ a b "Commercial Postharvest Handling of Strawberries (Fragaria spp.)". Extension.umn.edu. http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/DG6237.html. Retrieved 2009-12-05.
^ "Conveyors improve the fruits of processor's labors.(Frexport S.A. de C.V.)". AccessMyLibrary. 2000-01-01. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-5729041_ITM. Retrieved 2009-12-05.
^ a b "Insect Pests of Strawberries and Their Management". Virginiafruit.ento.vt.edu. 2000-05-03. http://www.virginiafruit.ento.vt.edu/StrawMaster.html. Retrieved 2009-12-05.
^ "Radcliffe's IPM World Textbook | CFANS | University of Minnesota". Ipmworld.umn.edu. 2009-11-20. http://ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/rao.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-05.
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